Applied Embryology Flashcards
Where does the process of fertilisation occur?
Fallopian tube
What happens once one sperm has entered the oocyte?
Oocyte becomes impenetrable to other sperm
What are the four steps in inplantattion?
Hatching
Apposition
Adhesion
Invasion
Briefly describe what happens in the apposition step of implantation.
First connection between blastocyst and endometrium.
Apposes to pinopodes (microvilli like structure) expressed on the receptive endometrium
Briefly describe what happens in the adhesion step of implantation.
Trophoblast of the blastocyst adheres to epithelial layer of endometrium
Embryonic tissue starts to secrete hCG
Briefly describe what happens in the hatching step of implantation.
Trophectoderm cells produce protease to dissolve the zona in preparation for the implantation
Briefly describe what happens in the invasion step of implantation.
Trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, crossing of the epithelial basement membrane and invasion of endometrial stroma to form placenta
->don’t get too hung up on this but could come up idk, depends on wording and stuff. I guess they could give five stages and ask ‘which of the following is NOT a step in the implantation process?’
Endometrium?
Lining of the uterus
After which stage of implantation would a pregnancy test show positive?
Adhesion
->due to secretion of hCG
What would happen if there was an inability for the blastocyst to hatch during implantation?
Infertility
What happens in the endometrium as it prepares to receive the embryo?
Stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells
Angiogenesis- new blood vessel formation
Increased macrophages, lymphocytes and decidual leukocytes (uterine NKC) for maternal immune tolerance
->these changes transform the endometrium to a vascular receptive tissue for the invasion of blastocysts
Is the placenta derived from foetal or mother tissues?
Fully developed from foetal tissues
Functions of the placenta?
Immunological barrier
Gas exchange
Nutrient exchange
Waste excretion
Endocrine functions*
->secretes hCG which maintains the pregnancy
What name is given to the changes in the endometrium as it prepares from the foetus?
Decidualization
Embryogenesis?
First eight weeks of embryo development post fertilisation
Briefly describe what happens in week 2-3 of embryogenesis.
Formation of bilaminar disc
Development of amniotic sac, yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm and chorionic cavity
Briefly describe what happens in week 3-4 of embryogenesis.
Bilaminar disc -> three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) through the process of gastrulation and neural tube formation
Briefly describe what happens in week 5-8 of embryogenesis.
Organogenesis
Two layers of the bilaminar disc?
Epiblast
Hypoblast
What does the epiblast go onto form?
Three germ layers
What does the hypoblast go onto form?
Extraembryonic mesoderm
List the derivatives of the ectoderm.
Epidermis
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Hair
Nails
Neuroendocrine organs (adrenal medulla, pituitary gland)
Enamel of teeth
List the derivatives of the mesoderm.
Dermis
MSK structures
Cardiovascular system
Kidneys
Ureters
Trigone of bladder
Gonads
Adrenal cortex
List the derivatives of the endoderm.
Lining of GIT
Parenchyma of liver
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Tonsils
Thymus
Bladder (excluding the trigone)
Urethra
The mesoderm divides into three major subunits. Name them.
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Which part of the mesoderm does the urinary and repro system develop from?
Intermediate mesoderm
What are the two reasons why multiple pregnancies might occur (twins etc)?
Dizygotic- two or megs fertilising and implanting
Monozygotic- one embryo splitting