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MS Prep > Bordeaux_revised-Jan-2013 > Flashcards

Bordeaux_revised-Jan-2013 Flashcards

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1
Q

INAO

A

Originally (1935-2007): Institut National des Appellations d’Origine
In 2007, retained acronym, but became: L’Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité

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2
Q

AOP

A

Appellation d’Origine Protégée
Complimentary to AOC, producers can choose which to use
French AOPs fall with EU’s PDO category
Only Vinifera grapes sourced exclusively from and produced in stated geographical area

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3
Q

PDO

A

Protected Designation of Origin

EU category that encompasses AOPs/AOCs of France

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4
Q

Tiers of French wine appellations

A

AOC/AOP
Vin de Pays/IGP
Vin de France

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5
Q

Vin de Pays

A

Approximately 29% of French wine production

Coexists with IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée)

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6
Q

IGP

A

Indication Géographique Protégée
Coexists with Vin de Pays
Approximately 29% of French wine production with Vin de Pays

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7
Q

Regional Vin de Pays/IGP zones

A 
5
Pays d'Oc IGP
Val de Loire IGP
Comtés Rhodaniens IGP
Méditerranée IGP
Comté Tolosan
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8
Q

What did the designation Vin de France replace?

A

Vin de Table and Vin Ordinaires

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9
Q

France’s largest wine appellation

A

Bordeaux

306,000 acres as of 2004

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10
Q

Négotiant

A

Buys fruit and/or wine in barrel to age in own cellar then bottle and sell

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11
Q

Courtier

A

Broker of wine
Financially backs châteaux
Controls trade
Responsible for en primeur

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12
Q

En Primeur

A

Yearly offering of Bordeaux wine as futures

Spring following harvest, usually April

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13
Q

Bordeaux Mixture

A

Mix of lime, copper sulfate & water

Sprayed on vineyards throughout regions to avoid fungal problems

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14
Q

Viticultural concerns in Bordeaux

A

Coulure
Millerandange
Grey rot, mold

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15
Q

Millerandange

A

Viticultural problem in which grape bunches contain berries of different sizes and levels of maturity that reduces yields and quality of wine

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16
Q

Coulure

A

Carbohydrate deficiency causing grapes to fail to develop after flowering

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17
Q

Bordeaux climate

A

In general, Maritime with short winters, wet springs, hot summers
More continental toward St. Émilion & Pomerol

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18
Q

Bordeaux AOP Blanc styles

A

sec or with residual sugar

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19
Q

Bordeaux AOP Rosé or Clairet allowable varieties

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cot, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Carmenère

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20
Q

Bordeaux AOP Clairet allowable varieties

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cot, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Carmenère

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21
Q

Bordeaux AOP Rouge or Claret allowable varieties

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cot, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Carmenère

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22
Q

Haut-Benauge

A

Sub-zone of Bordeaux AOP for white wine only

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23
Q

Cot

A

Synonym for Malbec in Bordeaux

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24
Q

Clairet vs. Claret in Bordeaux

A

Clairet Is a darker, more aromatic rosé reminiscent of the Claret shipped to England in the Middle Ages
Claret is another name for Bordeaux Rouge

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25
Q

Assemblage

A

Blend

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26
Q

Barriques

A

225-liter capacity barrels

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27
Q

Pressac

A

Synonym for Malbec on Right Bank of Bordeaux

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28
Q

Character and preferred soils of Cabernet Sauvignon

A

tannic, powerful, age worthy

well-drained gravel

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29
Q

Bordeaux Supérieur AOP

A

Same as Bordeaux AOP with higher abv

Minimum abv range: 11% rouge, 12% blanc

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30
Q

Crémant de Bordeaux AOP aging

A

Min. 9 months on lees

Min. 12 months after tirage

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31
Q

What is the soil of the Haut-Medoc?

A

well-drained, gravelly, boulbenès

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32
Q

Crasse de Fer

A

Iron-rich clay subsoil found in Pomerol

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33
Q

Boulbenès

A

Soil type in Haut-Médoc

Mix of sand, gravel & light clay

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34
Q

What area does the Médoc cover?

A

entire left bank of Bordeaux

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35
Q

Communes of Haut-Médoc north to south

A 
6
St-Estèphe
Pauillac
St-Julien
Listrac-en-Médoc
Moulis-en-Médoc
Margaux
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36
Q

Crus Classés of St-Estèphe

A

1er: none
2eme: (2) Cos d’Estournel, Montrose
3eme: (1) Calon-Ségur
4eme: (1) Lafon-Rochet
5eme: (1) Cos Labory

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37
Q

Pauillac general notes

A

Deep, gravelly soils
Robust and intense
Long-lived wines

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38
Q

St-Julien general notes

A

82% of wine is cru classé (11 2nd, 3rd & 4th growths)
Lowest production commune
More elegant than Pauillac, more tannic than Margaux

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39
Q

Margaux general notes

A

Largest commune
21 classified growths
Elegant, rich, exotic

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40
Q

Listrac-en-Médoc general notes

A

Furthest commune from Gironde
Mainly clay and limestone
Relatively austere wines

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41
Q

Moulis-en-Médoc general notes

A

Smallest Haut-Médoc commune
Near Margaux
Diverse terroir - gravel, clay, limestone
Value, perfumed

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42
Q

Best communes of Graves

A 
5
Péssac
Talence
Martillac
Léognan
Cadaujac
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43
Q

What is the first identifiable vineyard estate in Bordeaux?

A

Château Pape-Clément

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44
Q

1953 in Bordeaux

A

Classification of Graves

Included red wines only

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45
Q

1959 in Bordeaux

A

Whites added to classification of Graves

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46
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP styles

A

red and dry white

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47
Q

Graves Supérieur AOP styles

A

sweet white only from grapes that must be affected by botrytis &/or passerillage, hand-harvested in tries

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48
Q

Sweet wine appellations in Graves

A

Graves Supérieur AOP
Cérons AOP
Barsac AOP
Sauternes AOP

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49
Q

Barsac

A

AOP of Graves for sweet white only

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50
Q

Cérons

A

AOP of Graves for sweet white only

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51
Q

Sauternes

A

AOP of Graves for sweet white only

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52
Q

1987 in Bordeaux

A

Formation of Pessac-Léognan in northern Graves as communal sub-appellation encompassing best villages and chateaux

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53
Q

Cadaujac Crus Classé for red wines

A

13 originally from all communes

1 from Cadaujac: Bouscaut

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54
Q

Talence Crus Classé for dry white wines

A

0

Laville Haut-Brion produced final vintage in 2008, now Ch. La Mission Haut-Brion Blanc

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55
Q

Graves Cru Classé for dry white ONLY

A

Couhins
Couhins-Lurton

Formerly Laville-Haut-Brion

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56
Q

Graves Cru Classé for red wine ONLY

A 
De Fieuzal
Haut-Bailly
La Tour-Martillac
La Mission-Haut-Brion
Pape-Clément
Smith-Haut-Lafite
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57
Q

Crème de Tête

A

Dessert wine produced by Ch. Gilette unclassified) in Sauternes after decades-long maturation in concrete

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58
Q

Barsac 1er Cru Classé

A

2
Coutet
Climens

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59
Q

1er Crus Classé of Sauternes

A

1

Guiraud

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60
Q

Crus Classé of Preignac

A

1st: (1) Suduiraut
2nd: (1) de Malle

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61
Q

Crus Classé of Bommes

A 
1st: (6)
La Tour Blanche
Lafaurie-Peyraguey
Haut-Peyraguey
Rayne-Vigneau
Rabaud-Promis
Saigalas-Rabaud
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62
Q

Cru Classé of Fargues

A

1st: (1) Rieussec
2nd: (2)
Romer
Romer-du-Hayot

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63
Q

St-Émillon Grand Cru AOP

A

Appellation, NOT classification
Requires additional 0.5% alcohol and longer élevage
All Grand Cru Classé wines meet these requirements

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64
Q

St-Émillon Premier Cru Classé A

A

2
Ausone
Cheval-Blanc

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65
Q

Best properties of Pomerol

A 
Pétrus
Vieux-Château-Certan
Lafleur
Le Pin
Trotanoy
Gazin
Le Gaz
L'Eglise-Clinet
L'Evangile
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66
Q

Satellites of St-Émillon

A 
(4)
Lussac
St-Georges
Montagne
Puisseguin
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67
Q

Lussac-St-Émillon cepage

A

Min. 90% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Malbec; plus max. 10% combined Carmenère & Petit Verdot

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68
Q

Montagne-St-Émillion cepage

A

Min. 70% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Malbec; plus Carmenère & Petit Verdot

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69
Q

Puisseguin-St-Émillion cepage

A

Min. 90% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Malbec; plus max. 10% combined Carmenère & Petit Verdot

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70
Q

St-Georges-St-Émillion cepage

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Malbec, Carmenère & Petit Verdot

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71
Q

Canon Fronsac location & styles

A

Neighboring district to Pomerol for red wine

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72
Q

Fronsac location & styles

A

Neighboring AOP to Pomerol for red wine

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73
Q

Lalande-de-Pomerol location & styles

A

Neighboring AOP to Pomerol for red wine

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74
Q

Pomerol grapes & character

A 
5 square miles
70-80% Merlot
20-25% Bouchet
Lush, plump, opulent
No classification system
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75
Q

AOPs of Entre-Deux-Mers

A 
Entre-Deux-Mers AOP
Cadillac AOP
Graves de Vayres AOP
Loupiac AOP
Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont AOP
Sainte-Foy-Bordeaux AOP
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76
Q

AOPs of Côtes de Bordeaux

A 
Côtes de Bordeaux AOP
Premières Côtes de Bordeaux AOP
Bourg AOP
Blaye AOP
Côtes de Blaye AOP
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77
Q

Blaye

A

AOP of Côtes de Bordeaux for red wine

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78
Q

Bourg

A

AKA Côtes de Bourg & Bourgeais
AOP of Côtes de Bordeaux for white & red
15 communes of production

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79
Q

Côtes de Blaye

A

AOP of Côtes de Bordeaux for dry white (Blanc Sec)

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80
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux

A

AOP of Côtes de Bordeaux for Rouge, Blanc & Blanc Liquoreux

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81
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux subzones for red wine only

A

2 of 4
Cadillac
Castillon

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82
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux Francs styles

A

Blanc Sec, Blanc Liquoreux, Rouge

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83
Q

Premières Côtes de Bordeaux

A

AOP of Côtes de Bordeaux for sweet white only

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84
Q

Entre-Deux-Mers AOP styles

A

Blanc Sec

Haut-Benauge Blanc Sec

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85
Q

Cadillac

A

Subzone of Côtes de Bordeaux for red wine

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers for sweet white wine

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86
Q

Graves de Vayres location & styles

A

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers
Rouge
Blanc (min. 4 g/L rs)
Blanc Sec (min. 4 g/L rs)

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87
Q

Loupiac

A

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers for sweet white

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88
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire

A

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers white wine only

Styles: Blanc (Sec, Moelleux, Liquoreux)

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89
Q

Sainte-Croix-du-Mont

A

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers for sweet white only

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90
Q

Sainte-Foy-Bordeaux

A

AOP of Entre-Deux-Mers

Styles: Blanc (Sec, Moelleux, Liquoreux) & Rouge

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91
Q

Second label of Cos d’Estournel

A

Les Pagodes de Cos

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92
Q

Second label of Château Lafite-Rothschild

A

Carruades de Lafite

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93
Q

VINIFLHOR

A

Government agricultural office in France that oversees Vins de Pays

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94
Q

From where can the grapes be sourced for Vins de Pays?

A

Grapes sourced entirely from within region, wines submitted to tasting panel

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95
Q

What is regulated for Vins de Pays wines?

A

controls on added sulfur
total acidity
minimum abv
yield & volume

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96
Q

What types of grapes are permitted for Vins de Pays/IGP?

A

Vinifera or hybrids, 85% sourced from stated area

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97
Q

What are the levels of classification for IGP wines?

A

regional, departmental, local

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98
Q

What region corresponds to Pays d’Oc IGP?

A

Languedoc-Roussillon

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99
Q

What region corresponds to Val de Loire IGP?

A

Loire

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100
Q

What region corresponds to Comtés Rhodaniens IGP?

A

Northern Rhône Valley

Jura & Savoie

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101
Q

What region corresponds to Méditerranée IGP?

A

Southeast France

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102
Q

What region corresponds to Comté Tolosan IGP?

A

Sud-Ouest

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103
Q

As of 2009, what can be indicated on the label of Vin de France wines?

A

vintage and varietal

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104
Q

Why was the designation Vin de France created?

A

to allow basic French wines to compete with varietally labeled New World counterparts

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105
Q

What causes Coulure?

A

springtime frosts

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106
Q

What causes Millerandange?

A

springtime frosts

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107
Q

What causes Grey rot, mold?

A

humidity, wet spring, more concern in cooler years

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108
Q

What viticultural problems are caused by springtime frosts?

A

Coulure

Millerandange

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109
Q

By what is the climate in Bordeaux moderated?

A

Atlantic Ocean & Gironde estuary

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110
Q

Bordeaux AOP Blanc Principal varieties

A

min. 70% combined Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle

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111
Q

Bordeaux AOP Blanc Accessory varieties

A

max. 30% combined Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc, Colombard

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112
Q

Bordeaux AOP Rose/Clairet minimum abv

A

10%

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113
Q

Bordeaux AOP Blanc min. abv

A

10-10.5%

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114
Q

Bordeaux AOP Clairet minimum abv

A

10%

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115
Q

Bordeaux AOP Rouge or Claret minimum abv range

A

10.5%

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116
Q

Haut-Benauge allowable varieties

A

Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle

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117
Q

Haut-Benauge minimum abv

A

11.5%

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118
Q

Character and preferred soils of Merlot

A

fleshy, juicy, soft

clay-based soil

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119
Q

Character and preferred soils of Cabernet Franc

A

herbal spice, red fruit

limestone-based soil

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120
Q

Crémant de Bordeaux AOP min. abv

A

9% potential alcohol, 11% abv

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121
Q

Crémant de Bordeaux AOP styles/grapes

A

Vin Mousseux Blanc
Varieties: 6 reds, 4 whites + 3 accessories

Vin Mousseux Rosé
Varieties: 6 reds

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122
Q

What is the soil of St. Emilion?

A

limestone rich côtes, gravelly limestone graves

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123
Q

What is the soil of Pomerol?

A

sand, clay, gravel, crasse de fer

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124
Q

What is the best part of the Medoc?

A

Haut-Médoc

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125
Q

Medoc AOP styles

A

red only

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126
Q

St-Estèphe general notes

A

Northernmost commune of Haut-Médoc
Rich in clay with gravelly outcrops, therefore more Merlot
Rustic, rich character to wines
Good source of undervalued wines

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127
Q

St-Estèphe unclassified wines of note

A 
Beau-Site
Haut-Marbuzet
Meyney
Ormes-de-Pez
Phélan-Ségur
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128
Q

Pauillac 1er Crus Classés

A

3
Lafite Rothschild
Latour
Mouton Rothschild

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129
Q

Pauillac 2eme Crus Classés

A

2
Pichon-Lalande
Pichon-Baron

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130
Q

Pauillac 3eme Crus Classés

A

none

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131
Q

Pauillac 4eme Crus Classés

A

Duhart-Milon

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132
Q

Pauillac 5eme Crus Classés

A 
12
Pontet-Canet
Batailley
Haut-Batailley
Grand-Puy-Lacoste
Grand-Puy-Ducasse
Lynch-Bages
Lynch-Moussas
d'Armailhac
Pedesclaux
Haut-Bages-Liberal
Clerc-Milon
Croizer-Bages
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133
Q

St-Julien 1er Crus Classés

A

none

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134
Q

St-Julien 2eme Crus Classés

A 
5
Léoville-Barton
Léoville-Las Cas
Léoville-Poyferré
Ducru-Beaucaillou
Gruaud-Larose
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135
Q

St-Julien 3eme Crus Classés

A

2
Lagrange
Langoa-Barton

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136
Q

St-Julien 4eme Crus Classés

A 
4
Beychevelle
St-Pierre
Branaire-Ducru
Talbot
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137
Q

Margaux 1er Crus Classés

A

Margaux

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138
Q

Margaux 2eme Crus Classés

A 
5
Rausan-Segla
Rausan-Gassies
Brane-Cantenac
Durfort-Vivens
Lascombes
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139
Q

Margaux 3eme Crus Classés

A 
10
Kirwan
d'Issan
Giscours
Cantenac-Brown
Boyd-Cantenac
Desmirail
Ferrière
Palmer
Marquis d'Alesme-Becker
Malescot-St-Exupery
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140
Q

Margaux 4eme Crus Classés

A

3
Pouget
Marquis de Terme
Prieuré-Lichine

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141
Q

Barsac 2eme Crus Classés

A 
8
Myrat
Doisy-Daene
Doisy-Vedrines
Doisy-Dubroca
Broustet 
Nairac
Caillou
Suau
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142
Q

Sauternes 2eme Crus Classés

A 
4 
d'Arche
Filhot
Lamothe-Guignard
Lamothe-Despujols
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143
Q

Classification of Chateau d’Yquem

A

Sauternes AOP Premier Grand Cru Supérieur

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144
Q

St-Julien 5eme Crus Classés

A

none

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145
Q

Margaux 5eme Crus Classés

A

2
Dauzac
du Tertre

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146
Q

Villages of Margaux commune

A 
5
Margaux
Arsac
Soussans
Labarde
Cantenac
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147
Q

Listrac-en-Médoc unclassified wines of note

A

Clarke

Fourcas-Hosten

148
Q

Moulis-en-Médoc unclassified wines of note

A

Chasse-Spleen
Maucaillou
Poujeaux

149
Q

Grave AOP styles

A

Blanc & Rouge

150
Q

Grave AOP rouge allowable varieties

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Cot, Carmenère

151
Q

Grave AOP blanc allowable varieties

A

Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle

152
Q

Grave AOP abv

A

Blanc-10.5%, Rouge-11%

153
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP min. abv

A

11%

154
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP earliest release dates

A

Blanc-3/30 of year following harvest

Rouge-10/1 of year following harvest

155
Q

Pessac-Léognan AOP communes

A 
10
Pessac
Léognan
Cadaujac
Canéjan
Gradignan
Martillac
Mérignac
St-Médard-d'Eyrans
Talence
Villenave-d'Ornons
156
Q

Graves Supérieur AOP allowable varities

A

Sémillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle

157
Q

Graves Supérieur AOP stats

A

Minimum potential alcohol: 13.5%
Minimum must weight: 221 g/L
Minimum residual sugar: 34 g/ L

158
Q

Barsac AOP Communes

A

1

Barsac

159
Q

Barsac AOP stats

A

Minimum potential alcohol: 15%
Minimum must weight: 221 g/L
Minimum residual sugar: 45 g/ L

160
Q

Barsac AOP Grapes

A 
Sémillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Botrytis-affected grapes only, hand-harvested in successive tries
161
Q

Cérons AOP Communes

A

3
Cérons
Illats
Pondensac

162
Q

Cérons AOP Grapes

A 
Sémillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Must be affected by botrytis &/or passerillage, hand-harvested in tries
163
Q

Cérons AOP stats

A

Minimum potential alcohol: 14.5%
Minimum must weight: 221 g/L
Minimum residual sugar: 45 g/ L

164
Q

Sauternes AOP Grapes

A 
Sémillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Botrytis-affected only grapes, hand-harvested in tries
165
Q

Sauternes AOP stats

A

Minimum potential alcohol: 15%
Minimum must weight: 221 g/L
Minimum residual sugar: 45 g/ L

166
Q

Sauternes AOP aging

A

Released June 30 of year following harvest

167
Q

Sauternes AOP Communes

A 
5
Barsac
Sauternes
Fargues
Preignac
Bommes
168
Q

St-Émillon Premier Cru Classé B

A 
13
Angélus
Beau-Séjour Bécot
Beauséjour
Bélair-Monange
Canon
Figeac
Fourtet
La Gaffelière
Magdelaine
Pavie
Trottevieille
Pavie-Macquin (promoted in 2006)
Troplong-Mondot (promoted in 2006)
169
Q

St-Émillon Grand Cru Classé

A 
57 total, top chateaux:
Valandraud
La Gomerie
Mondotte
Monbousquet
170
Q

Which chateau were promoted in 2006 to St-Émillon Premier Cru Classé B?

A

2
Pavie-Macquin
Troplong-Mondot

171
Q

Canon Fronsac Communes

A

2
Fronsac
St-Michel-de-Fronsac

172
Q

Canon Fronsac Grapes

A

Min. 70 or 80% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc & Merlot; plus Malbec, max. 10% Carmenère & max 10% Petit Verdot

173
Q

Fronsac Communes

A 
7
Fronsac
Galgon
La Rivière
Saillans
St-Aignan
St-Germaine-de-la-Rivière
St-Michel-de-Fronsac
174
Q

Fronsac Grapes

A

Min. 70 or 80% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc & Merlot; plus Malbec, max. 10% Carmenère & max 10% Petit Verdot

175
Q

Lalande-de-Pomerol Communes

A

2
Lalande-de-Pomerol
Néac

176
Q

Lalande-de-Pomerol Grapes

A

Min. 70% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot & Malbec; plus max. 10% Carmenère & max 10% Petit Verdot

177
Q

Blaye AOP Grapes

A

Min. 50% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot; plus Cot, Petit Verdot, Carmenère

178
Q

Bourg AOP Rouge grapes

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cot, Merlot

179
Q

Bourg AOP Blanc grapes

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon, Muscadelle, Colombard

180
Q

Côtes de Blaye AOP grapes

A

Min. 60-90% Colombard & Ugni Blanc; plus Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon, Muscadelle

181
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux AOP Subzones

A 
4
Francs
Cadillac
Castillon
Blaye
182
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux AOP Rouge cepage

A

minimum 50% combined Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot; plus max. 50% Cot, max. 15% combined Petit Verdot & Carmenère

183
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux AOP Blanc Sec & Liquoreux cepage

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon, Muscadelle; plus max. 15% combined Colombard & Ugni Blanc

184
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux Blaye styles

A

Blanc Sec

Rouge

185
Q

Premières Côtes de Bordeaux cepage

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Sémillon, Muscadelle

186
Q

Premières Côtes de Bordeaux RS

A

34 g/L

187
Q

Entre-Deux-Mers AOP Grapes

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle, Sémillon

188
Q

Cadillac AOP styles & stats

A

Blanc Liquoreux
15% min. potential alcohol
51 g/L min. residual sugar

189
Q

Cadillac AOP grapes

A 
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Sémillon
Affected by botrytis &/or passerillage, hand-harvested in tries
190
Q

Loupiac AOP Grapes

A 
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Sémillon
May be affected by botrytis &/or passerillage
191
Q

Loupiac AOP stats

A

14.5% min. potential alcohol

45 g/L min. residual sugar

192
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP Grapes

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
Muscadelle
Sémillon

193
Q

Côtes de Bordeaux-Saint-Macaire AOP styles & stats

A

Sec: 11% min. pot. alc., max. 4 g/L rs
Moelleux: 13.5% min. pot. alc., 34-45 g/L rs
Liquoreux: 16% min. pot. alc., 45 g/L rs, may be affected by botrytis, hand-harvested in tries

194
Q

Sainte-Croix-du-Mont AOP Grapes

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle, Sémillon

May be affected by botrytis &/or passerillage, hand-harvested in tries

195
Q

Sainte-Croix-du-Mont AOP stats

A

14.5% min. potential alcohol

45 g/L min. residual sugar

196
Q

Second label of Château Montrose

A

La Dame du Montrose

197
Q

Château Calon-Ségur 2nd label

A

Marquis de Calon

198
Q

Second label of Château Latour

A

Les Forts de Latour

199
Q

Second label of Château Lafon-Rochet

A

Les Pélerins de Lafon-Rochet

200
Q

Château Cos Labory 2nd label

A

Le Charme Labory

201
Q

Second label of Château Mouton-Rothschild

A

Petit Mouton

202
Q

Pavillon Rouge

A

Second label of Château Margaux

203
Q

Second label of Château Haut-Brion

A

Le Clarence de Haut-Brion

204
Q

Léognan Crus Classé for red wines

A 
13 from all communes
6 in Léognan
Dom. de Chevalier
Carbonnieux
De Fieuzal
Haut-Bailly
Malartic-Lagravière
Olivier
205
Q

Martillac Crus Classé for red wines

A

13 from all communes
2 in Martillac
Smith-Haut-Lafite
Latour-Martillac

206
Q

Talence Crus Classé for red wines

A

13 from all communes
1 in Talence: La Mission Haut-Brion

La Tour Haut-Brion produced last vintage in 2005. Fruit now goes to 2nd wine, Ch. La Mission Haut-Brion.

207
Q

Pessac Crus Classé for red wines

A

13 from all communes
2 from Pessac
Haut-Brion
Pape-Clément

208
Q

Graves de Vayres cepage

A

Blanc: Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Muscadelle, Sémillon; plus max. 30% Merlot Blanc
Rouge: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Cot, Petit Verdot, Carmenère

209
Q

Cadaujac Crus Classé for dry white wines

A

1

Bouscaut

210
Q

Léognan Crus Classé for dry white wines

A

Carbonnieux
Dom. de Chevalier
Olivier
Malartic-Lagravière

211
Q

Villenave d’Ornan Crus Classé for dry white wines

A

Couhins

Couhins-Lurton

212
Q

Martillac Crus Classé for dry white wines

A

Latour-Martillac

213
Q

Second label of Longueville au Baron de Pichon-Longueville

A

Tourelles de Longueville

214
Q

Second label of Pichon-Longueville Comtesse de Lalande

A

Réserve de la Comtesse

215
Q

Second label of Ducru-Beaucaillou

A

La Croix de Beaucaillou

216
Q

Second label of Gruaud-Larose

A

Sarget de Gruaud-Larose

217
Q

Second label of Léoville-Barton

A

Réserve Léoville-Barton

218
Q

Second label of Léoville Las Cases

A

Le Petit Lion du Marquis de Las Cases

219
Q

Second label of Léoville Poyferré

A

Pavillon de Poyferré

220
Q

Second label of Brane-Cantenac

A

Le Baron du Brane

221
Q

Second label of Durfort-Vivens

A

Vivens Rouge

Relais de Durfort Vivens

222
Q

Second label of Lascombes

A

Chevalier de Lascombes

223
Q

Second label of Rauzan-Gassies

A

Chevalier de Rauzan-Gassies

224
Q

Second label of Rauzan-Ségla

A

Ségla

225
Q

Second label of Pape-Clément

A

Le Clémentin du Pape-Clément

Le Prélat du Pape-Clément

226
Q

Second label of d’Yquem

A

None

227
Q

Second label of Ausone

A

Chapelle d’Ausone

228
Q

Second label of Cheval Blanc

A

Le Petit Cheval

229
Q

Second label of Petrus

A

None

230
Q

Second label of Le Pin

A

None

231
Q

Second label of Clinet

A

Fleur de Clinet

232
Q

Great Bordeaux vintages of the 2000s

A

2000
2005
2009
2010

233
Q

Great Bordeaux vintages of the 1990s

A

1990

1998

234
Q

Great Bordeaux vintages of the 1980s

A

1982

1989

235
Q

Great Bordeaux vintages before 1980

A

1945
1949
1953
1961

236
Q

Really bad Bordeaux vintages

A 
1992
1991
1984
1977
1974
1972
237
Q

Describe Merlot in Bordeaux

A

Highest alcohol
Dominates right bank
Susceptible to coloure
Loose bunches

238
Q

What was significant about 1982 in Bordeaux?

A

First “modern” vintage
Making of Robert Parker
Followed the 70s which were generally bad
Perfectly ripe

239
Q

What do 1947 and 1982 have in common in Bordeaux?

A

Both are low acid yet extremely long-lived

2012 is looking to be low acid too

240
Q

1973 in Bordeaux

A

Revision to 1855 classification in which Mouton-Rothschild was elevated to first growth

241
Q

Ch. Cos d’Estournel
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Estephe
2nd
Les Pagodes de Cos

242
Q

Ch. Montrose
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Estephe
2nd
La Dame du Montrose

243
Q

Chateau Calon-Segur
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Estephe
3rd
Marquis de Calon

244
Q

Ch. Lafon-Rochet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Estephe
4th
Le Pelerins de Lafon-Rochet

245
Q

Ch. Cos Labory
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Estephe
5th
Le Charme Labory

246
Q

Ch. Lafite-Rothschild
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
1st
Carruades de Lafite

247
Q

Ch. Latour
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
1st
Les Forts de Latour

248
Q

Ch. Mouton-Rothschild
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
1st (reclassified from 2nd growth in 1973)
Petit Mouton

249
Q

Ch. Longueville au Baron de Pichon-Longueville
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
2nd
Tourelles de Longueville

250
Q

Ch. Pichon-Longueville Comtesse de Lalande
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
2nd
Reserve de la Comtesse

251
Q

Ch. Duhart-Milon
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
4th
Moulin de Duhart

252
Q

Ch. Batailley
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
none

253
Q

What are the current classification systems of Bordeaux?

A 
5
1855 Classification of Bordeaux
1855 Classification of Sauternes
Classification of Graves (1959)
Classification of St-Émilion (2012)
Cru Artisan Classification (2002)
254
Q

Ch. Clerc-Milon
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
none

255
Q

Ch. Croizet-Bages
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
La Tourelle de Croizet-Bages

256
Q

Ch. Grand-Puy-Ducasse
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Ch. Artigues-Arnaud
Prelude a Grand Puy Ducasse

257
Q

Ch. Grand-Puy-Lacoste
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Lacoste Borie

258
Q

Ch. Haut-Bages-Liberal
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
La Chapelle de Bages

259
Q

Ch. Haut-Batailly
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Ch. La Tour L’Aspic

260
Q

Ch. Lynch-Bages
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Echo de Lynch Bages (as of 2008-formerly Ch. Haut-Bage Averous)

261
Q

Ch. Lynch-Moussas
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Les Haut de Lynch Moussas

262
Q

Ch. d’Armailhac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

(Formerly Mouton-Baronne-Philippe until 1989)
Pauillac
5th
none

263
Q

Ch. Pedesclaux
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Fleur de Pedesclaux (as of 2007 vintage-formerly Sens de Pedesclaux

264
Q

Ch. Pontet-Canet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pauillac
5th
Les Hauts de Pontet

265
Q

Ch. Ducru-Beaucaillou
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
2nd
La Croix du Beaucaillou

266
Q

Ch. Gruaud-Larose
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
2nd
Sarget de Gruaud-Larose
Larose de Gruaud

267
Q

Ch. Leoville-Barton
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
2nd
Reserve Leoville-Barton

268
Q

Ch. Leoville Las Cases
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
2nd
Le Petit Lion du Marquis do Las Cases

269
Q

Ch. Leoville Poyferre
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
2nd
Pavillon de Poyferre (current)
Chateau Moulin-Riche (2002 & 2003 only)

270
Q

Ch. Moulin-Riche

A

2nd label of Poyferre produced in the 2002 and 2003 vintages only

271
Q

Ch. Lagrange
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
3rd
Les Fiefs de Lagrange

272
Q

Ch. Langoa-Barton
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
3rd
Ch. Lady Langoa

273
Q

Ch. Beychefelle
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
4th
Amiral de Beychevelle

274
Q

Ch. Branaire-Ducru
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
4th
Ch. Duluc

275
Q

Ch. St-Pierre
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
4th
none

276
Q

Ch. Talbot
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St-Julien
4th
Connetable de Talbot

277
Q

Ch. Margaux
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
1st
Pavillon Rouge

278
Q

Ch. Brane-Cantenac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
2nd
Le Baron du Brane

279
Q

Ch. Durfort-Vivens
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
2nd
Vivens Rouge
Relais de Durfort-Vivens

280
Q

Ch. Lascombes
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
2nd
Chevalier de Lascombes

281
Q

Ch. Rauzan-Gassies
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
2nd
Chevalier de Rauzan-Gassies

282
Q

Ch. Rauzan-Segla
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
2nd
Segla

283
Q

Ch. Boyd-Cantenac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
3rd
Jacques Boyd

284
Q

Ch. Cantenac Brown
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
3rd
Brio du Ch. Cantenac-Brown

285
Q

Ch. Desmirail
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
3rd
Ch. Fontarney (French Market)
Initial de Desmirail (export market)

286
Q

Ch. Ferriere
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
3rd
Les Ramparts du Ferriere

287
Q

Ch. Giscours
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Labarde-Margaux
3rd
La Sirene de Giscours

288
Q

Ch. d’Issan
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
3rd
Blason d’Issan

289
Q

Ch. Kirwan
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
3rd
Les Charmes de Kirwan

290
Q

Ch. Malescot-St-Exupery
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
3rd
La Dame de Malescot

291
Q

Ch. Marquis d’Alesme-Becker
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
3rd
Marquis d’Alesme

292
Q

Ch. Palmer
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
3rd
Alter Ego

293
Q

Ch. Marquis de Terme
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
4th
Les Gondats de Marquis de Terme

294
Q

Ch. Pouget
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Margaux
4th
Ch. La Tour Hassac

295
Q

Ch. Prieure-Lichine
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Cantenac-Margaux
4th
Confidences de Prieure-Lichine (as of 2008 vintage, formerly Ch. de Clairefont)

296
Q

Ch. Dauzac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Labarde-Margaux
5th
La Bastide-Dauzac

297
Q

Ch. du Tertre
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Arsac-Margaux
5th
Hauts du Tertre

298
Q

Ch. Haut-Brion
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Graves (Pessac-Leognan since 1987)
1st
R: Le Clarence de Haut-Brion (as of 2007 vintage, previously Ch. Bahans Haut-Brion)
W: La Clarte de Haut-Brion (as of 2009 vintage)

299
Q

Ch. La Lagune
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Ludon, Haut-Medoc
3rd
Moulin La Lagune

300
Q

Ch. La Tour Carnet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St. Laurent, Haut-Medoc
4th
Douves de Carnet

301
Q

Ch. Belgrave
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St. Laurent, Haut-Medoc
5th
Diane de Belgrave

302
Q

Ch. de Camensac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St. Laurent, Haut-Medoc
5th
La Closerie de Camensac

303
Q

Ch. Cantemerle
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Macau, Haut-Medoc
5th (added in 1856)
Les Allees des Cantemerle

304
Q

Ch. Sociando-Mallet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Haut-Medoc
none
La Damoiselle de Sociando-Mallet

305
Q 
Ch. Bouscaut
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Cadaujac
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
Les Chenes de Bouscaut

306
Q 
Ch. Carbonnieux
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
La Tour Leognan

307
Q 
Dom. de Chevalier
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
L’Esprit de Chevalier

308
Q 
Ch. de Fieuzal
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Grave
Red Only
L’Abeille de Fieuzal

309
Q 
Ch. Haut-Bailly
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Graves
Red Only
Le Parde de Haut-Bailly

310
Q 
Ch. Latour-Martillac
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Martillac
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
Lagrave-Martillac

311
Q 
Ch. Malartic-Lagraviere
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
La Reserve de Malartic (formerly Sillages de Malartic)

312
Q 
Ch. La Mission Haut-Brion
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Talence
Cru Classe Graves
Red Only
La Chapelle de la Mission Haut-Brion

313
Q 
Ch. Olivier
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Leognan
Cru Classe Graves
R & W
La Seigneurie d’Olivier du Chateau Olivier

314
Q 
Ch. Pape-Clement
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A 
Pessac
Cru Classe Graves
Red Only
La Clementin du Pape-Clement
Le Prelat du Pape-Clement
315
Q 
Ch. Smith-Haut-Lafite
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Martillac
Cru Classe Graves
Red Only
Les Hauts de Smith

316
Q 
Ch. La Tour-Haut-Brion
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Talence
Cru Classe Graves
Red Only
no second label

317
Q 
Ch. Couhins
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Villenave d’Ornans
Cru Classe Graves
White Only
no second label

318
Q 
Ch. Couhins-Lurton
Commune
Cru Classe
Styles
2nd label
A

Villenave d’Ornans
Cru Classe Graves
White Only
no second label

319
Q

Ch. d’Yquem
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
Premier Grand Cru
no second label

320
Q

Ch. Climens
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
1st
Cypres de Climens

321
Q

Ch. Clos Haut-Peyraguey
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
Ch. Haut-Bommes

322
Q

Ch. Coutet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
1st
Chartreuse de Coutet

323
Q

Ch. Guiraud
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
1st
Le Dauphin de Ch. Guiraud

324
Q

Ch. Lafaurie-Peyraguey
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
La Chapelle de Lafaurie

325
Q

Ch. Rabaud-Promis
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
Dom de l’Estremade

326
Q

Ch. de Rayne-Vigneau
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
Madame de Rayne

327
Q

Ch. Rieussec
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Fargues (Sauternes)
1st
Carmes de Rieussec
Clos Labere (shorter afing, older wood)

328
Q

Ch. Sigalas-Rabaud
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
Le Cadet de Sigalas

329
Q

Ch. Suduiraut
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Preignac (Sauternes)
1st
Castelnau de Suduiraut

330
Q

Ch. La Tour-Blanche
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Bommes (Sauternes)
1st
Les Charmilles de la our Blanche

331
Q

Ch. d’Arche
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
2nd
Prieure d’Arche

332
Q

Ch. Broustet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
Ch. de Segur

333
Q

Ch. Filhot
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
2nd
no second label

334
Q

Ch. Lamothe-Despujols
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
2nd
Les Tourelles de Lamothe

335
Q

Ch. Lamothe-Guignard
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Sauternes
2nd
L’Oest de Lamothe Guignard

336
Q

Ch. Romer
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Fargues (Sauternes)

2nd

337
Q

Ch. Romer-du-Hayot
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Fargues (Sauternes)
2nd
no second label

338
Q

Ch. de Malle
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Preignac (Sauternes)
2nd
Ch. de Sainte-Helene

339
Q

Ch. Myrat
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
no second label

340
Q

Ch. Doisy-Daene
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
no second label

341
Q

Ch. Doisy-Dubroca
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
La Damoiselle de Doisy

342
Q

Ch. Doisy-Vedrines
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
La Petite Vedrines

343
Q

Ch. Nairac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
no second label

344
Q

Ch. Caillou
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
Les Erables du Caillou

345
Q

Ch. Suau
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Barsac
2nd
no second label

346
Q

Ch. Ausone
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe A
Chapelle d’Ausone

347
Q

Ch. Cheval Blanc
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe A
Le Petit Cheval

348
Q

Angelus
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe A (promoted 2012)
Carillon d’Angelus

349
Q

Ch. Pavie
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe A (promoted 2012)
Aromes de Pavie

350
Q

Ch. Beau-Sejour-Becot
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
Tournelle de Beau-Sejour-Becot

351
Q

Ch. Beausejour
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

(Duffau-Lagarrosse)
St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
Croix de Beausejour

352
Q

Ch. Belair-Monange
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
no 2nd label

353
Q

Ch. Canon
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
Cos de Canon

354
Q

Ch. Canon-la-Gaffeliere
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2012)
Cote Mignon la Gaffeliere

355
Q

Ch. Figeac
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
La Grange Neuve de Figeac

356
Q

Clos Fourtet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
Closerie de Fourtet

357
Q

Ch. La Gaffeliere
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
Clos La Gaffeliere

358
Q

Ch. Larcis-Ducasse
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2012)
no 2nd label

359
Q

Ch. La Mondotte
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2012)
no 2nd label

360
Q

Ch. Pavie-Macquin
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2006)
Les Chenes de Macquin

361
Q

Ch. Troplong-Mondot
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2006)
Mondot

362
Q

Ch. Trottevieille
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B
La Vieille Dame de Trottevieille

363
Q

Ch. Valandraud
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

St.-Emilion
1ere GC Classe B (promoted 2012)
Virginie de Valandraud

364
Q

Petrus
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pomerol
NA
no 2nd label

365
Q

Le Pin
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pomerol
NA
no 2nd label

366
Q

Ch. Clinet
Commune
Cru Classe
2nd label

A

Pomerol
NA
Fleur de Clinet

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