Book 29: CHAPTER 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Flashcards
As architects reduce the mass and change the chemical composition of building materials, we are losing one of our most valuable factors:
time.
Firefighters who can recognize the strengths and hazards of buildings and roofs will increase their
efficiency and safety.
A working knowledge of building construction not only provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate size-up of a structure, it also provides the foundation for effective, timely, and safe operations in the following areas:
Structural Integrity
Ladder Placement
Forcible Entry / Search and Rescue
Ventilation Feasibility
how many types of operations ae there? and what are they
2
Offensive
Defensive
(estimate of the situation) is a mental evaluation that assists in determining a course of action and the methods necessary to accomplish a desired goal.”
size up
a size-up consists of three operations as follows
Analyze the situation.
Decide on a plan. (strategy)
Put the plan into operation.(tactics)
“analyzing the situation.” When this portion of a size-up is applied to a structure fire, one of the first considerations should be the _____and______of the building.
type and construction
the type and construction of the building. These two factors will indicate:
Rate of burning.
Possible avenues of fire spread. (false ceilings, multiple attics, facades, etc.)
Problems that will have a direct impact on efforts to confine a fire.
Structural integrity.
Time necessary to conduct safe fireground operations.
Our size-up will focus on the following areas:
Construction Styles
Roof Styles
Construction Methods
Age of the Building.
how many construction methods are there and what are they
4
metal concrete
masonry
frame/stucco
curtain
utilizes structural members that depend on size for strength. The greater the span for a structural member, the larger it has to be to support a given load. Additionally, does not usually depend on the sum total of all structural parts or members for its strength. Structural members depend on their size for strength.
Conventional construction
SIZE = STRENGTH
This can be easily demonstrated by considering _____/______ Structural members may be _____ inches for strength.
mill/timber
8x8
The strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total sum of the other members; therefore, if one member fails, others may fail.
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION . Strength is obtained from multiple members that are in ______and______
compression and tension
A single lightweight truss structural member can span _____feet and may be comprised of ____ in compression and tension to form an integral unit. Although this structural member is strong, the size of the individual members are relatively small, requiring less time for structural collapse when exposed to heat or fire.
70’
2x4s
the ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent on the following factors:
Type of Construction.
How long the fire has been burning.
Fire Intensity
For size-up considerations, roof styles can be divided into the following categories (6):
Gable
Hip
Flat
Bridge Truss
Arch
Sawtooth
A frame configuration of conventional or ordinary construction that consists of a ridge board and rafters that cross the outside walls.
GABLE ROOF
GABLE ROOF
Rafters are usually ______inches or larger and are usually __inches to ___ inches “on-center.”
2x6
16 to 24
GABLE ROOF
Additional support is provided by _____ and _____. This roof is found in _____ to steep pitch configurations.
collar beams and ceiling joists
semi-flat
GABLE ROOF
As detailed earlier in this section, 2 x 6 inch rafters (spaced up to ___inches “oncenter” for steep pitched roofs) were commonly utilized for roof structural members. Additionally, the ridge was comprised of ____ inch ridge board or the lack of a ridge board which resulted in the ____ inch rafters butted together.
36’’
1x6’’
2x6’’
GABLE ROOF
Lightweight construction utilizes ____or ____ inch wood trusses held together by ________ connectors. Trusses share common features such as top chords, bottom chords, and ______.
2x3 or 2x4
metal gusset plate
webbing
Gable (lightweight)
Metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness, and depth of penetration. The most common are ___ gauge steel plates with prongs that produce ____ inch penetration.
18
3/8
Gable (lightweight)
The _____ of the truss has replaced the 2 x 4 inch (or larger) ceiling joist found in conventional construction.
bottom chord
Gable (lightweight)
A point of interest with this type of lightweight construction (which also applies to open web and wooden “I” beam construction) is the fact that truss members may only be supported at their _______ (unless used as a cantilever truss).
outside edges
Gable (lightweight)
Interior partition walls may not support the truss at any point along the bottom chord. Eighteen-gauge “_________” may be found nailed to the bottom chord (every ___ to___ trusses) and top plate of interior walls.
roof truss clips
3-5
Roof truss clips provide some stability for
interior partition walls
Gable (lightweight)
In this configuration, interior partition walls could be classified as “_________.” Common “on-center” spacing for truss rafters is __ inches.
free standing
24’’
GABLE ROOF
Strengths
Conventional construction utilizes ______ and ____ of 2 x 6 inches or larger. The strong areas of this roof are ?
Ridgeboards and rafters
the ridge and the area where the rafters cross the outside walls.
GABLE ROOF
Hazards
Trusses are under tension and compression and when the bottom chord or webbing fails trusses will fail. Rapid collapse is common. When metal connector plates and surrounding wood are exposed to fire, the connector plates will quickly fail by?
pulling out of the wood.
GABLE ROOF
Hazards
Newer roofs use __ or __ inch plywood as a decking instead of 1 x 4 inch or 1 x 6 inch space sheathing. Plywood will burn and fail at a faster rate than sheathing, and offers minimal resistance to fire. ____, ___ and ____ board are also currently utilized as a decking in an effort to reduce building costs and can be more hazardous than plywood.
3/8
1/2
particle, chip and strand
Similar to the gable roof. Notice the lack of the A-frame configuration. Ends of the roof terminate in a “hip” configuration.
HIP ROOF
HIP ROOF
Conventional or ordinary construction consists of a _____, ______, from the ______down to and across the corners at the outside walls.
ridge board, hip rafters
ridge board
HIP ROOF
are utilized where two roof lines join together. _____ and _____ rafters complete the structural members.
valley rafters
jack and common
HIP ROOF
The ridge board and rafters are usually ___ inches or larger. Rafters are usually ____to___ inches “on center,” similar to the gable roof. “Rough cut” ___ or ____ inch rafters __ inches “on-center” were also utilized in older wood frame structures with steep pitched roofs.
2x6
16 to 24’’
2x3 or 2x4
36’’
HIP ROOF
Strengths
Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and the area where rafters cross the outside walls are areas of strength. In conventional construction, ridges and rafters are 2 x 6 inches or larger.
These roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930’s and 1940’s….This roof is easily identified by its characteristic sloping ends.
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF
Wooden truss members are built from
2 x 12 inch lumber.
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF
_______rods may be used vertically for additional support. Rafters are ___ inches or larger and covered by ___ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material. ________ was utilized prior to 1933, and ________ was utilized after 1933.
metal tie rods
2x6
1x6
straight sheathing
diagonal sheathing
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF
_______(installed over existing) is utilized, if modified for the Earthquake Ordinance.
plywood decking
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF
Hazards
The trusses are in tension and compression and may fail under severe fire conditions.
Similar to the bridge truss roof. This popular type of roof was constructed during the 1930’s, 1940’s, and 1950’s on both small and large commercial type structures.
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS
Usually a large size (2 x 12 or 2 x 14 inch) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members.
Usually a large size (____ or ____ inch) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members.
2x12 or 2x14
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS
Some arch trusses have multiple beams forming one truss arch. Rafters are _____ inches or larger and covered by ____ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material.
2 x 6
1 x 6
An egg crate, geometric or diamond-patterned roof.
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF
Constructed from _____ inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing. Roof decking is _____ inch sheathing and composition roofing material.
2 x 12
1 x 6
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF
This type of an arch roof is supported by exterior _______ or internal tie rods with ________, and is common on gymnasiums, large buildings used for recreational activities, large supermarkets, etc.
buttresses
turnbuckles
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF
Hazards
Although these roofs offer some protection when exposed to fire, total roof collapse may occur if fire removes more than __% of the roof structure. Total roof collapse of the roof can result from “the ____ ____”
20%
domino effect
Although this roof is similar in appearance to bowstring arch and lamella roofs, it is significantly different in that it is an arched roof that uses metal tie rods to offer lateral support for the walls of the building.
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS
Tie rods (usually ___ inch in diameter) with turnbuckles are used below each arch member to ensure the arches do not push the exterior walls ______. Tie rods may pass through exterior walls outside plates, which facilitate identification of this style of roof. Proper tie rod tension is maintained by _____.
5/8’’
outward
turnbuckles
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS
Top chords of arch member may utilize laminated ______’s or large members. Rafters are _____ inches or larger and covered by _____ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material.
2 x 12s
2 x 10
1 x 6
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS
Hazards
The primary hazard of this roof is early failure of the _________ and _______.
metal tie rods and turnbuckles
Used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies.
SAWTOOTH ROOF
SAWTOOTH ROOF
It is constructed with rafters of ______ inches or larger and utilizes wood and/or metal supports for bracing. The sloping portion is covered with _____ inch sheathing (or ½ inch plywood in newer roofs) and composition roofing material.
2 x8
1 x6
Sawtooth roof
Strength
Additionally, this type of roof is easy to ventilate; utilize the hinged _______.
Panes of glass
Conventional flat roof
Wood rafters of various sizes (___ inches and larger) are laid across outside walls, or outside wall to interior walls/structural supports. Rafters are covered with _____ inch sheathing or plywood (in newer applications) and composition roofing material.
2 x 6
1x6
Conventional flat roof
Strengths
Susceptibility to fire is totally dependent on the size of the rafters, their “______” spacing and the type of decking that has been utilized. Consider the ______ of the building a strong point.
On-center
Perimeter
consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are connected by a wooden stem.
Wooden I beam
Wooden I beam
The top chord which is under a load, offers a ______ effect causing the top chord to be in ________ and the bottom chord member to be in ______
Bridging
Compression
Tension
Wooden I beam
_____ are used as chords, but _____inch chords are common.
2 x 4
2 x 3
Wooden I beam
Some chords may resemble ______due to horizontal (or longitudinal) laminations.
Plywood
Wooden I beam rafter spacing
24” on center
______ is placed perpendicular to the top chords and are spaced _____ feet apart. This provides an additional nailing surface for the 4’ x 8’ sheets of plywood.
Nailing blocks
4”
When plywood decking is nailed to structural members a method termed “________” is employed.
Diaphragm nailing
Prior to nailing, the plywood sheets are placed so the __foot dimension crosses the roof structural members and the __foot dimension parallels the roof structural member.
8
4
Wooden I beam
Hazards
Common practice is to run _____ ___ ________ ____of various sizes through the stems which removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent “I” beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire.
Heating and air conditioning ducts
Wooden I beam
Hazards
Ventilation personnel must be aware of _____ when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.
Nailing blocks
consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross-connected by steel tube web members.
Open web
Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation, and is constructed with either parallel chord ____ ___ ____ or ___ laid chords.
Laid on edge or flat
Open web
The steel tube web members are prefabricated from ___ to ___ inch ___ ___steel tubing with the ends pressed flat into a semicircular shape with a hole punched through the end.
.These flattened ends are inserted into slots in the chords and steel ___ (up to ___ inch) are driven through th
1 to 2”
Cold rolled
Steel pin
1”
Open web
Spans to ___feet are possible using a single _____’ or two ______’s as top and bottom chord members. A single 2 x 4 up to 70 feet is made possible by joining different lengths in glued, mitered “________.”
70
2 x 4 or 2 x3
Finger joints
The common on-center spacing for open web is
24”
Eighteen-gauge steel plates with prongs that produce 3/8 inch penetration are common and used in a wide variety of applications
Metal gusset plate
Utilization of 2” x 4”s in a span of up to __ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs.
80
Panelized roof
This roof may be found on wood, masonry or concrete tilt tip slab buildings. It consists of four major components:
Beams (laminated wood or metal)
Purlins
2 x 4 inch joists
1/2 inch plywood decking
Laminated beams of various sizes (___ inch is common) are initially installed spanning the length or width of the building.
6 x 36
Panelized
Beams are supported at their ends by _____, ____ or ______, or ______.
Pilasters, wood, steel posts, saddles
Panelized
These beams are spaced between ___and ___ feet apart. Beams may be bolted together to provide lengths well in excess of ___ feet.
12 and 40
100
Panelized
Supported by these beams, wooden purlins are installed with _________ on __ foot centers (a sheet of plywood is eight feet long).
Metal hangers
8
A common size for a purlin is______inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam.
4 x 12
Panelized
_______ trusses are beginning to be substituted for conventional purlins, resulting in substantial cost savings as well as an additional collapse hazard.
Metal gusset plate
Panelized
Hazards
Joists measuring 2 x 4 inches by eight feet are installed with _______ on ___ inch centers between the _____, parallel to the ____.
Metal hangers
24”
Purlins
Beams
Panelized strengths are
Beams
Purlins
Building Perimeter
Panelized hazards
Beam span supports of __inch hollow steel pipe may be found. Expect weakening and/or collapse of these supports with failure of large portions of the roof under heavy fire conditions.
4”
Panelized hazards
When the insulation (____ ____) is subjected to fire or sufficient heat, the foil covering will peel away from the middle layer of tar impregnated paper.
Kraft paper
_______construction utilizes a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of buildings, large and small.
Open web bar joist
Open web bar joist
Top and bottom chords are usually made from ___ inch steel and web supports are solid ___ inch steel bar. Large buildings may have bar-joists used as _____ spaced up to ___feet
1/8
5/8
Girders
45’
Open web bar joist
Hazards
Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat (steel begins to lose its strength at ______degrees F) will expand, twist and possibly fail.
1000
A steel or wood sub-structure is covered by corrugated metal.
Robertsons decking
An air-entrained mixture of _____, ______ and, occasionally, ______ is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and ____ inch or ____ inch wire mesh to a thickness of three to four inches. _______ roofing material makes up the final layer.
Sand, cement, pea gravel
4 x 4 or 4 x 6
Composition
Concrete lightweight roofs Hazards
Use a rotary saw with a ______ blade or ________ _______wood blade to cut ventilation openings.
Diamond blade
Carbide tipped
These buildings utilize a sub-structure of wood or steel, covered with corrugated steel, aluminum or fiberglass. They are easily erected, can be utilized in various types of applications, and are easily identified by their characteristic
Corrugated
These buildings have a sub-structure of steel beams, usually coated with a sprayed on fire retardant material.
Metal beam
Mental beam
This skeleton is then finished with an exterior of ______, _____, _____ or similar materials.
Concrete, masonry, glass
Metal beam hazards
_______ of fire and smoke to upper floors is enhanced in buildings with multiple floors.
Falling panels of _____ or other building materials.
Vertical extension
Glass
Metal beam hazards
When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand ___” per _____’ which can push out walls, etc.
9” to 100’
These buildings are made of concrete slabs that have been “tilted up” into place to form exterior walls of a structure. These buildings are easily identified by their exterior appearance and can be up to _____stories in height
Tilt up
5
Tilt up
Expect to find lightweight construction in the _______, _____ (if multiple story) and ____.
Interior walls, floors and roof
Tilt up
Lightweight roof construction may be comprised of _____s or _____s in tension and compression and extensive use of ____inch plywood. These contribute to rapid spread of fire and early roof collapse.
2 x4 or 2 x 3
1/2
One of the more popular building materials used in various types of buildings, old and new, is the common_____
Brick
It is safe to assume that the masonry portion of brick buildings constructed before the 1930’s are
An accident waiting to happen
Brick buildings constructed up until the 1930’s are commonly classified as
Unreinforced masonry building
Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 have the following characteristics.
Mortar consisting of ____ and ____ only, no ______.
Lack of _____ _______ ______ (“rebar”).
Brick exterior walls about ___inches thick.
Parapet walls around the perimeter of a roof. Parapet walls can be _____feet above the roof line, and _____feet or more if used as a ______ on the front of a building.
Floor and roof joists that are “___” (penetrated or resting in a cavity) into the inside of the exterior walls.
______roof sheathing.
Roof and floor joists that are “_____” (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from the exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down the exterior walls.
Sand, lime, no cement
Steel reinforcing rods
13
3 or 5
Facade
Let
Straight
Fire cut
After the disastrous ____ Earthquake of _____, building codes were revised to provide better earthquake safety for new masonry buildings.
long beach
1933
The following revisions characterize the masonry buildings that were built after 1933:
Exterior walls are required to be at least ____ inches thick.
Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with steel “rebar.”
All ____ and ____ are required to be anchored to exterior walls. This is usually accomplished by bolting a “______ ______” to a masonry wall and attaching the joist and rafters to the ledger board with _____ _____.
_______ utilized in the mortar.
_______ roof sheathing.
9’’
joists and rafters
ledger board
metal hangers
cement
diagonal
After the _____ Earthquake of 1959, building codes were modified to require the following retroactive correction on existing buildings masonry construction:
A ____ to ___ inch concrete bond-beam cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits.
Parapet walls should not be higher than ____ inches including the bond-beam cap, and most importantly;
Exterior walls drilled at the roof rafter level and a steel anchor bar/rod installed every ____ feet and attached to the existing roof rafter. This modification rendered the fire cut of the roof rafter ineffective. The steel anchor bar/rods are secured to the exterior of the building by a plate/nut combination that is known as “____ _____ _____.”
Tehachapi
4-6
16
4
rafter tie plates
The _____ Earthquake of 1971 provided the impetus to further modify existing buildings of unreinforced masonry construction.
Sylmar
Post 71
That review was instrumental in additional retroactive corrections (_________ ORDINANCE) designed to prevent exterior walls from collapsing outward by stabilizing the building by:
Anchoring walls to ___ and ____systems.
Strengthening roof construction (_____, _____ ____, etc.)
earthquake ordinance
floor and roof
plywood metal straps
URM Identification
This is a common technique used for additional strength for exterior walls. May also have been added for strength over the windows and between the second floors of multi-story buildings.
Concrete bond-beams
URM Identification
Deeply recessed window frames. Window frames are “___” to the inside of the wall, thereby exposing about ____inches of brick return on the exterior of a building. Remember, these walls are at least ___ inches thick.
set
8
13
URM Identification
The _____ ______ between the bricks is white, porous, sandy, and may be easily rubbed away by a fingernail, knife, etc. In some cases, the bricks have not been uniformly laid and the workmanship appears sloppy.
Lime mortar
URM Identification
In every ____ to ____ row of bricks, one row will have been laid “on-end.” This row of bricks is referred to as the “_____ _____” and is for additional strength.
4-7
king row
Some unreinforced masonry buildings have a fancy or better quality brick on the front of the building to improve the appearance. However, utilizing the preceding trademarks, the following indicators can be easily identified:
Recessed windows
Bond-beams over the windows
Rafter tie plates
Additionally unreinforced masonry buildings are required to be reinforced to comply with the Earthquake Ordinance. Modifications may include the following:
Add ____ _____ from parapet walls to roof structural members.
Metal straps across the width of the roof and attached to opposing walls. The straps are usually ___ of the length of the building back from the front and rear walls.
Remove the layers of composition and cover the sheathing with ½ inch plywood. This decking is then recovered with composition.
steel bracing
1/3
URM
Hazards
The primary hazards of this type of construction are as follows:
_____, ____, and ___ collapse.
WALL ROOF AND FLOOR
URM
Safe areas of a building from collapse
The ____of a building.
A distance at least ______ to the ______ of the walls away from a building.
corners
equal to the height
URM
Placement of personnel and apparatus should be a primary concern when confronted with this type of construction. During retrofit modifications, consider:
_____ openings.
Holes in _____ and _____.
Building materials in ______.
______ removed.
______ ______ across the width of the building and three to four feet from walls are hard on power saws.
Decking comprised of sheathing, plywood, and composition. The extra “______” of the decking will not enhance “_______” the rafters with a power saw.
VERTICAL OPENINGS
FLOORS AND CEILINGS
HALLWAY
STAIRS
METAL STRAPS
THICKNESS
FEELING
BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
It is common to find this type of construction supporting ________ floor joists and roofs (depending on the age of the building). _______ are also common on this type of construction.
LIGHTWEIGHT
FACADES
These buildings are used in a wide variety of applications, old and new.
FRAME / STUCCO CONSTRUCTION
FRAME / STUCCO CONSTRUCTION
Hazards
_____ spread of fire through the walls is a possibility (if _______ construction is present). However, this is controlled by______ fire blocking, if present.
VERTICAL
BALLOON
HORIZONTAL
A _______can be defined as an “identifiable style of construction on the exterior of a building that will conceal and spread the travel (extension) of fire.” To summarize, they are external attics.
Facades
Facades
The following four areas should be considered when confronted by this construction.
overhang
façade height
supported or unsupported
height from roof
Overhang (facades)
Additionally, the extension of fire will be affected by the presence or lack of “_______.”
fire stops
Overhang (facades)
Facades are usually open or common to the____of a building. Additionally, if a facade is exposed to fire, expect the facade to collapse _____ at least the _____ of the overhang of the facade.
attic
outward
distance
Facade ____ and ____ will effect stability, the amount of building material utilized, and the potential path of fire.
height and shape
The structural stability of a facade will be enhanced if supported (C) by ____, ____ or other means that are often used for style of decoration.
Pillars, posts
Facades normally hide or conceal the ____ ____.
Roof line
Roofs that are lower than a facade utilize _____ for drainage. The scupper is the actual roof line.
Scuppers
Roof lines are between the ___ ____ and top of the facade or parapet.
Attic vent
______ that can be seen above a facade will indicate the roof is in close proximity.
Equipment
Rafter tie plates Rafter-tie-plates will indicate the location of____rafters and will identify the roof line.
Roof
These buildings were constructed during the 1920’s, 1930’s and 1940’s, and are primarily utilized in single family dwellings and multi-story habitational occupancies up to four stories.
BUNGALOW AND BALLOON CONSTRUCTION
Bungalow Construction
“Rough-cut” ___ inch studs and rafters were commonly utilized during the construction of these structures
2x4
Bungalow Construction
Of particular interest was the utilization of ____ or ____inch rafters for roof structural members and a ridge that is comprised of a ____ inch ridge board (the 2 x 4 inch rafters are _____together)
2x3 or 2x4
1x6
Butted
Bungalow construction:
This type of construction can be classified as an “___ ___” of _______ construction.
Old type
Lightweight
Balloon Construction
does not utilize horizontal ___ ____ in the walls and
____between multiple floors separating the attic from open vertical runs in the walls.
Fire blocking
Plates
________construction utilizes fire blocking in the wall (studs which eliminate open vertical pathways to the attic)
Platform construction
In balloon construction the ______ was optional
Ridge board
These wires are suspended on ceramic insulators and pass through ceramic tubes when it is necessary to run the wires through studs or plates.
Knob and tube wiring
This method has dramatically cut the time necessary to complete the multi-story and high-rise buildings by bolting pre-fabricated panels on the exterior of buildings. Generally, a skeleton is constructed of steel beams.
CURTAIN CONSTRUCTION METHODS
CURTAIN CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Pre-fabricated panels made from materials such as _____ ______, _____, ______, ______, _____ panels, etc., are bolted into place utilizing metal brackets on the panels that mate to metal brackets on the steel beams of the building.
Lightweight concrete, slate, granite, fiberglass, glass panels
CURTAIN CONSTRUCTION METHODS
These panels can also be bolted to _____ ____ or_____outriggers/struts that are attached to the steel beams.
Sheet metal or aluminum
Depending on the particular method that is employed, “curtain” construction can be about ___ faster than conventional construction.
60%
Curtain construction methods:
Identification of this type of construction is facilitated by:
Pre-fire planning.
Recognizing the “____” or “______” look.
Cube or smooth look
When approaching any buildings, consider its
Age
