Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pharmacology bm213 > block b lecture 3 > Flashcards

block b lecture 3 Flashcards

exercise physiology and pharmacology

1
Q

how to calculate flow

A

=change in pressure/resistance
=(Palveoli-Patmosphere)/R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is partial pressure

A

pressure of a gas in a mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does 5 litres of blood contain

A

15mL physically dissolved O2
remainder (985 mL O2) bound to haemoglobin
4 x subunits =4 x globin haeme (Fe 2 binds O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs when taking an in breath

A

diaphragm contracts
external intercostal muscles pull up ribs an dout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what occurs when taking an out breath

A

diaphragm relaxes and abdominal organs press upwards
lung elasticity recoils inwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what occurs when taking maximum inspiration

A

sternum moves up and out
diaphragm contracts more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what occurs when taking maximum expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and out
abdominal muscles compress organs and force diaphragm higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 chemical inputs that stimulate ventilation

A

decrease arterial PO2
increase production of non-CO2 acids
increase arterial PCO1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 chemical inputs that stimulate ventilation

A

decrease arterial PO2
increase production of non-CO2 acids
increase arterial PCO1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are bronchi – bronchioles both surrounded by

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are alveolar sacs surrounded by

A

pulmonary capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is O2 in/CO2 out in alveoli driven by

A

pressure differences caused by breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is breathing controlled and modulated by

A

motor neurons from medulla
modulated by chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does haemoglobin Fe3 bind and where does it release at

A

98.5% of arterial O2
released at tissues (lower PO2), helps transport CO2 out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

example of b agonists (adrenoceptors)

A

pulmonary smooth muscle relaxation
salbutamol (asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

example of a agonists (adrenoceptors)

A

vascular smooth muscle contraction
phenylephrine, pseudoephrine
(decongestants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is beclomethasone (asthma inhaler)

A

glucocorticoid receptor agonist that inhibits pulmonary inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does supplementary O2 increase

A

increases driving force for O2 uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what occurs during CO poisoning

A

haemoglobin binds CO more readily than O2 and loses cooperativity when it does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is skeletal muscle controlled by

A

somatic motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is skeletal muscle controlled by

A

somatic motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle fibres

A

myosin
actin
troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1 cell= 1 skeletal muscle fibre, how many nuclei and myofibrils each

A

multiple nuclei
hundreds of myofibrils each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the thick contractile filaments

A

myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the thin contractile filaments

A

actin
troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do transverse-/T tubules extend

A

extend plasmalemma deep into cell

27
Q

what is the Ca2 store in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

in neuromuscular junction afferent what innervation from brainstem/spinal cord

A

cholinergic

29
Q

what released binds nicotinic ACh-receptors

A

ACh

30
Q

what occurs after Na influx from binding of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

Na influx
end plate potential
action potential propagates

31
Q

what binding drives contraction

A

myosin bind actin

32
Q

where does action potential propagate into

A

T-tubules

33
Q

voltage sensor activates what receptor on SR

A

ryanodine

34
Q

what does Ca2 bind

A

troponin

35
Q

what energises myosin

A

ATP hydrolysis

36
Q

what does the cycle of ATP binding, hydrolysis, ADP/Pi release drive

A

drives myosin like a ratchet

37
Q

the fibres ATP supplies are all consumed within a few seconds, resupply via

A

phosphorylation of ADP by phosphocreatine
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis

38
Q

what are the 3 skeletal muscle ATP supplies

A

phosphocreatine
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis

39
Q

name of the fibres that contain lots of mitochondria
many small blood vessels

A

red, oxidative fibres

40
Q

name of the fibres what have few mitochondria
lots of glycolytic enzymes
large glycogen stores

A

white, glycolytic fibres

41
Q

name of the fibres that contain slower acting myosin ATPase

A

slow twitch fibres

42
Q

name of the fibres that contain very fast acting myosin ATPase

A

fast twitch fibres

43
Q

what type are slow oxidative fibres

A

type I

44
Q

what type are fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

type IIa

45
Q

what type are fast glycolytic fibres

A

type IIb/x

46
Q

what is whole muscle tension

A

sum of recruitment of motor units

47
Q

what are whole skeletal muscles made up of

A

many motor units, never just one type

48
Q

what generates muscle action potential

A

motor nerves
Ca 2 rises
allows myosin actin cross bridge cycling to contract muscle

49
Q

what does skeletal muscle use lots of and how

A

ATP
cycling Ca, Na, K pumping

50
Q

how is ATP restored in skeletal muscle

A

phosphocreatine
glycolysis
mitochindria

51
Q

what are the 3 fibre types

A

-I slow oxidative
-IIa fast-oxidative-glycolytic
-IIb/x fast-glycolytic

52
Q

what are NMJ blockers

A

cause paralysis
some used alongside anesthetics during surgery

53
Q

how do depolarising NMJ blockers work, and example

A

ACh mimic but much slower hydrolysis, cause sustained contraction= paralysis
suxamethonium

54
Q

how do non depolarising NMJ work and example

A

competitive inhibitors of nAChR that block ACh binding and EPP formation
atracurium
tubocurarine

55
Q

what does dantrolene inhibit

A

ryanodine receptor Ca2 release, sometimes used to treat muscle spasticity or malignant hyperthermia

56
Q

how is thermo regulation carried out

A

increasing peripheral blood flow
sweating

57
Q

what does low intensity; aerobic increase

A

mitochondria
capillaries

58
Q

what occurs to skeletal muscle fibres in endurance training

A

fast glycolytic fibres become fast oxidatice glycolytic fibres
(IIb-IIa)

59
Q

what occurs in high intensity strength training

A

increased diameter of fast twitch fibres
increased expression of glycolytic enzymes
greater synchronisation of motor unit recruitment

60
Q

how does contracting skeletal muscles lead to increase in local blood flow in muscle

A

contracting skeletal muscles
local chemical changes
dilates muscle arterioles
increase local blood flow in muscle

61
Q

does blood O2 increase or decrease during exercise

A

decrease

62
Q

what is the limiting factor in oxygen consumption

A

cardiac output

63
Q

what is VO2 max

A

maximal O2 consumption
increases in proportion to exercise intensity, up to a point

64
Q

how to calculate VO2 max

A

(aterial O2 content - venous O2 content) x CO

pharmacology bm213 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions