block a lecture 1 Flashcards
intro to pharmacology
definition of pharmacology
deals with mechanisms of action, uses and unwanted effects of drugs on living tissues
definition of drug
a substance that modifies the activity of living tissue
definition of physiology
science of how living tissues function
what is abnormal physiology also referred to as
pathophysiology
what is therapeutics
study of the use of pharmacological agents in disease states
what is pathology
study of the causes and effects of disease or injury
what is an agonist
drugs or naturally occurring body substances that directly cause a measurable response
what type of response do agonists cause
excitatory or inhibitory response depending on activator being activated
what is the EC50 value
the conc of drug at half max. effective concentration
what is the name of the response curve that can be generated on a semi log scale
sigmoidal dose response curve
what does EC50 value mean if it is low
lower the value the more potent the drug
what is pharmacological antagonism
when drugs counteract each other by acting on the same receptor type
what is chemical antagonism
when one drug antagonises the action of another by chemically combining with it
what is physiological antagonism
when two drugs counteract each other by producing opposing effects on different receptors
in competitive antagonism what will increasing the agonist concentration do
restore the response
how can you see competitive antagonism on a curve
right ward parallel shifts
what is irreversible competitive antagonism
where the agonist binds with such high affinity it cannot be displaced
what is non competitive antagonism
antagonist binds to a different site on the receptor from the agonist
therefore no competition takes part
what is toxicology and when does it date to
toxic effects of drugs and environmental hazards
1400s paracelcus
ideal size of therapeutic window and why
wide
so if slight error in dosing no adverse effects
how can botulism be caused
eating contaminated food (incompletely sterilized canned or bottled foods)
symptoms of botulism
muscle paralysis
resp failure
death
how much pure botulinum toxin could kill millions
a teaspoon
how does botulinum treat severe underarm sweating
sweating caused by Ach from muscarinic receptors- bot. blocks release of Ach
what are the new therapeutic uses for botulinum
-removal of wrinkles
-cervical dystonia (neuro disorder causing severe neck and shoulder muscle contractions)
-blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking)
-strabismus (misaligned eyes)
what are the 2 forms of drug toxicity
latrogenicity
tetretogenicity
what is latrogenicity
capacity to produce disease from the side effects or inappropriate prescribing of drugs
example of latrogenicity
anti malarial drug mefloquine associated with neuropsychiatric side effects (profound suicidal thoughts)
what is tetratogenicity
capacity to produce abnormalities of the unborn child or foetus
example of tetratogenicity
thalidomide anti sickness drug
causing phocomelia in children
example of tetratogenicity
thalidomide anti sickness drug
causing phocomelia in children
what was the form of thalidomide that causes phocomelia and why
S-form
binds to enzymes involved in development of limbs in the unborn foetus
why can manufacturing companies not just manufacture R form of thalidomide
because it can be converted to the S form in the liver
what are receptors
chemical structures composed of regulatory proteins
what do recognition molecules do
recieve and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems
what produces the effects of recognition mols
soluble physiological mediators
