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3. Comparative > Birds 1 > Flashcards

Birds 1 Flashcards

1
Q

avian biodiversity: species, orders, families

A
  • 10,000 species
  • 36 orders
  • 243 families
    o 50% in order Passeriformes
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2
Q

bird evolution

A
  • Birds have evolved from reptiles
  • Share many similarities
  • Sauropsid = birds + reptiles
  • Archosaur = birds + crocodilians
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3
Q

main conservation issues for birds

A

-Habitat loss and fragmentation
-Environmental toxins
-Caused by human activities
-Climate change
-Poaching and hunting

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4
Q

pet bird ownership rate in NA

A

about 3-5% of households

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5
Q

what is CITES

A

Paperwork: CITES (I or II)
o Travel to US: certificate of ownership and health certificate (only for pet birds)

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6
Q

5 freedoms

A

oFreedom from hunger and thirst
oFreedom from pain, injury, and disease oFreedom from distress
oFreedom from discomfort
oFreedom to express normal behaviours

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7
Q

typical characteristics of psittaciformes

A
  • Highly intelligent species, colourful, long-lived, and talkative
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8
Q

how many psittaciformes, how many commonly seen in practice

A
  • About 400 species in 4 families, but 20-30 species commonly seen in practice
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9
Q

categoical division of psittaciformes

A
  • Typically divided into
    o New- and Old-World parrots
    o (see taxonomy table)
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10
Q

sexual dimporphism of psittaciformes

A
  • Most species are not sexually dimorphic
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11
Q

how do we sex psittaciformes

A
  • Sexing
    o DNA
    oEndoscopic (surgical)
    oLaid eggs before
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12
Q

what type of psittaciformes are sexually dimporphic

A

oBudgerigars (wild phenotype)
>male has blue nose

oCockatiel (wild phenotype)
> white-yellow face for male

oCockatoos
-black iris for male

oPacific parrotlet
>blue line on male wings

oEclectus parrot
> male green, female red

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13
Q

usual housing for psittaciformes

A

Usually kept in large cages or aviaries
>birds should be able to spread wings completely without touching sides
>smaller cage more acceptable if birds let out during the day

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14
Q

at what temperature should trpoical psittaciformes not be kept outside

A

o Not outside when less than 5-10C

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15
Q

proper lighting for psittaciformes

A

o Birds can resolve alternating frequencies up to130-150Hz
(humans are 50-60Hz)
o Birds see in the UV
o No fluorescent lighting (halogen is fine)

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16
Q

how much socialization do psittaciformes need

A
  • Highly social
    o Needs lots of social interaction
    o May need conspecifics
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17
Q

why is environmental enrichment important for psittacines?

A
  • Highly intelligent and prone to behavioral issues
    o Environmental enrichment
    o Foraging opportunities
    o Prevent reproductive behaviors
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18
Q

psittacines can be sensitive to what type of toxins in the environment?

A

Be aware of potential toxicities in environment (metal, toys, rarely plants]

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19
Q

diet for psittaciformes

A

o Pelletized diet (minimum of 60-70% of the
overall diet)
- Common brands include
 Hagen (Tropican)
 Kaytee
 Zupreem
 Prettybird
 Mazuri
 Harrison’s bird food (only through vets)
o Fresh fruits and vegetables
o Occasional seeds and nuts

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20
Q

diets not reccomended for psittaciformes?

A

o All seed diet

o Animal products

o Minimize table food( depends on owner’s diet)

o Toxic items

21
Q

why should psittaciformed not be fed all seed?

A
  • High fat low nutrient diet
  • Lacks key nutrients such as vitamins (mainly A), minerals, proteins
  • Selective feeders
22
Q

toxic food items for psittaciformes

A
  • Avocado
  • Chocolate
  • Alcohol
  • (plants intoxication are rare in pet birds)
  • Foods containing mycotoxins (poor quality corn and nuts)
  • Salty food
23
Q

is it easy to convert a seed eater to a different diet? how can we try?

A
  • “Seed eaters” may be hard to convert
    o Alternatives to pellets that are healthier than all seed diets
    o Mix pellets with seeds, foraging…
24
Q

baby parrots: when are they weaned? how do we feed?

A

o Most small parrots are
weaned are 1-2 months
o Most medium-large parrots are weaned at 3-4 months
o Need neonate formula
- Fed frequently (6-10 times a day) large
volumes
- Body temperature
- Don’t microwave
- Don’t store prepared food

25
Q

legal requirements for birds of prey?

A

o CITES permit (depends on source), falconry license,
hunting license

26
Q

where can someone source a bird of prey?

A

o Breeders
o Trapped from the wild
- Only red-tailed hawks, Cooper’s hawks, sharp-shinned hawks, and merlins
- Only juveniles
- Need to apply for authorization to MNRF first
o Non-releasable birds (with MNRF permit)
- Education centres

27
Q

options for housing for birds of prey?

A
  • Kept outside
    o Tethered (weathered)
    o In aviaries
  • Tropical species or migrating species
    o Inside in winter
    o With heated perches outside
28
Q

tenets of aviary design for birds of prey?

A

o Predator proof
o Easily cleanable (e.g. pea gravel)
o Prevent parasite intermediate hosts (earthworms, cockroaches…)
o Variety of perches (often covered with artificial turfs for falconry birds)
o Large enough for short flights

29
Q

Falconry equipment and vocabulary

A

o Mutes=feces
o Casts=pellets
o Tiercel=male

30
Q

why are Falconers are demanding clients?

A

o Expect that you know a minimum about
raptors and falconry practices
o Training is based on conditioning and food motivation (some falconers may “lower” their bird too much)
- Trade-off between food motivation and good muscle mass for flying
o Keep a close eye on their birds and weight regularly, keep logs
o Tendency to treat their birds themselves o Hard to build trust

31
Q

diet for birds of prey

A

o Whole preys
- Quails
- Day-old chicks (high in cholesterol)
- Rats/mice
- Fish (need to add vit tabs)
- Pigeons (carrier of several diseases)
- Hunted preys for falconry birds (ducks, rabbits)

32
Q

housing for columbiformes

A
  • Kept as pets or in large “pigeon lofts”
    o “cells” with nesting boxes
    o Some lofts are open
33
Q

Columbiformes aviary design

A

oPigeons are messy
- Separation from feces and food debris (wire mesh floor)
- Good ventilation
- Cleaned on regular basis

34
Q

big columbiformes industry and general practices in it

A
  • Pigeon racing is a big industry
    o Pigeons are released far away (typically males) and
    return to their cell on their own
    o Many different types of races
    o Owners tend to use a variety of supplements and drugs
    o Seldom go to veterinarians
35
Q

types of pigeons you would most likley see as a vet

A
  • Most likely to see pet pigeons
  • Some pigeons are farmed for meat
36
Q

Columbiformes diet

A

oStrict granivorous oSwallow seeds whole
oNeed grit in their ventriculus to crush and digest seeds

37
Q

how is the backyard chicken industry changing? how is it different from commercial?

A
  • Rising trend
    oPets and eggs
    oDifferent breeds than in the poultry industry (“heritage” breeds)
38
Q

backyard chicken housing

A
  • Kept in a coop
    oNeeds to be heated and well ventilated
    oCleanable, changeable substrate
    oPredator-proof (especially raccoons)
  • Predator trauma is a common cause of presentation
39
Q

issues with backyeard chickens

A
  • Loaded with diseases
    o Not vaccinated
    o Bacterial and viral diseases very common
    o Impossible to avoid parasite transmission
  • Challenges with veterinary care
    o Owners eat eggs
    o Withdrawal times not determined for most drugs in eggs
    o Lack of authorization to use drugs on layers
    o Some drugs are not recommended for use
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Cephalosporins
  • Quinolones
  • Metronidazole
40
Q

backyard chicken diet

A

oSpecific pelletized diet (layers,
growers…)
oEgg-laying chickens needs more nutritious diet and more calcium
oOmnivorous, foraging outside

41
Q

how are anseriformes usually kept, and why? what do they absolutely need?

A
  • Pets or ornamental
    o Frequently “pinioned”
  • Need water access
    o Will develop problems without
42
Q

Anseriformes diets, and important consideration

A

o Waterfowl pellets and plants
o Be careful with chicks and high-protein diet

43
Q

Passeriformes: common reasons they are kept

A
  • Companionship or ornamental birds
  • Show
    oSinging canaries
    (males)
    oGeneral appearance
44
Q

Passeriformes housing

A
  • Typically kept in small cages or aviaries
    oSome fly in the house and go back to their cage
45
Q

why is photoperiod important for passeriformes

A

oBreeding and singing

46
Q

Passeriformes diet

A

oSeed mix
oChopped-up vegetables
oInsects (dusted with calcium)
o“egg food”

47
Q

Baby wild passerine birds are common to find in what human setting? what do they eat, and what issues do they have that we must be attentive to?

A

o Extremely common in wildlife centres
o Most are insectivorous (or insectivorous when chicks)
o Susceptible to metabolic bone disease
o Need to be kept warm
o Hand fed with (will typically beg, q30-60 min):
- Moisten kitten pellets
(with added calcium)
- Dedicated songbird nestling handfeeding formula
(e.g. Mazuri)
- Home-made formula
- Live insects

48
Q

what principles can prevent many avian diseases?

A

Optimal captive husbandry and diet may prevent many diseases

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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