Bird 4 Flashcards
when should we perform blood collection on bird in exam and why?
Perform as soon as possible
o Limit stress leukogram
o Limit elevation in some enzymes
o Limit elevation in blood glucose and lactates
what can we do to make blood collection easier? How?
Sedation makes it easier
o Midazolam/butorphanol 2/2
mg/kg intranasal
o Reversed with flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg intranasal
> dosages can be species specific
venipuncture sites for avian blood collection
o Right jugular vein (much bigger than left) o (Left jugular vein)
o Ulnar vein
o Medial metatarsal vein
best blood collection site for parrots and small birds of prey, and how many people required
o Right jugular vein preferred
o One person job
best blood collection site for medium to large birds of prey, and how many people required
o Any site
o Two-person job
best blood collection site for anseriformes and galliformes
o Medial metatarsal vein easiest
where not to take blood from for strigiformes? why?
Strigiformes
o Not medial metatarsal (feathered)
where not to take blood from for columbiformes? why?
o Not jugular (no apterium in these species + cervical plexus)
max volume for bird blood collection? what should we be careful of?
o 1% of body weight
o Caution in tiny birds, account for hematoma formation, prior and future blood loss (surgery)
required volume for bloodwork, for CBC, biochem, and vetscan
o CBC: 0.2-0.4 mL
o Biochemistry: 0.2mL plasma (0.4-0.5 blood)
>Don’t use serum, you’ll lose volume
o Vetscan: 0.1mL whole blood - But decreased panel
materials for blood collection in bird
o Smallest needle possible for the volume
harvested
o Needle size: 22-28G
o Syringe size: Insulin – 3cc syringe
technique for blood collection in bird
o Small amount of alcohol
o Stay parallel to the vein, bend the needle, keep the head extended
o Stabilize needle on your thumb or index finger
o Suction steadily with medium speed
- Too slow > clotting
- Too quick > vessel collapse
o Hold for clotting
- Longer pressure for ulnar and medial metatarsal vein
- Bandage
o Remove needle prior to tube transfer
blood collection tubes to use for CBC, bichem
o CBC > EDTA
o Biochemistry > Heparin
- Spin and separate plasma prior to submission
Do not pre-heparinize syringes in what scenarios for bird blood collection
Do not pre-heparinize syringes in small birds or for blood culture
supportive care for birds, main principles
- Fluid therapy
- Oxygen therapy
- Thermal support
- Nutritional support
- Initial treatment
o Frequently broad-spectrum antibiotics
o Analgesics
most sick birds require some form of what type of therapy
- Most sick birds require some forms of fluid therapy
why is fluid therapy more challenging in birds
o Small size
- Harder to place catheters
- Tiny volume of IV drugs
- Limitations of infusion equipment
o Readily damage IV materials and bandages
o Monitoring is complicated
important osmoregulation considerations in birds for fluid therapy
o Uricotelic
o Post-renal handling of urine
o Salt glands
daily water requirements for birds
o Poorly investigated in pet birds
o 50-100 mg/kg/day
o Higher in neonates
rotues of administration for fluid therapy in birds
PO
SC
IV
IO
PO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Crop, Proventriculus
pros: Least invasive
cons: GI disease, Neuro disease, Debilitated bird
Fluid type: hypotonic
SC fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Inguinal web,
Interscapular, Axillary area
pros: Non invasive, well tolerated
cons: Mild dehydration, Limited volume
Fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic
IV fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Ulnar vein, Medial metatarsal, Jugular vein
pros: IV access for drugs, Rapid dissemination, More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Bleeding if damage
fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic ,Hypertonic, Colloid, Blood
IO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Ulna, Tibiotarsus
pros: No bleeding,
Ideal when veins are small
IV access for drugs Rapid dissemination More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Painful
Potential for osteomyelitis Fluid extravasation
fluid types: Isotonic Hypotonic (Hypertonic) (Colloid) Blood
colume of SC fluids per site
o About 10 ml/kg/site
- IVcatheterplacement
Ulnar vein
Medial metatarsal vein
- IO catheter placement; type of needle, anesthesia needed?
o 22g 1.5” spinal needles
o 26-25g hypodermic needles
o Anesthesia not needed
o Local analgesia debatable
how to check IO catheter placement
Can check placement by tracking a bolus in the ulnar vein
where to never place IO catheter
CAREFUL: NOT in pneumatic bones (humerus, femur)
first step of fluid therapy plan
o Assess hydration status and signs of hypovolemia (see Lecture 3)
3 stages of fluid therapy
o Resuscitation
o Rehydration
o Maintenance
what do we use for resuscitation phase in bird fluid therapy
- Plasmalyte A: 10-15 mL bolus
- Hypertonic NaCl 7.5%: 3 mL bolus
- Colloids: 5-10 mL bolus
- Vasopressors (dopamine, norepinephrine)
rehydration considerations fro bird fluid therapy
- 50-100% estimated loss over 24h
- Maintenance requirements and anticipated loss
- Select fluid type based on blood gases/electrolytes and disease condition
mainteneace route for bird fluid therapy, generally
- Typically switch to subcutaneous
PCV volume indicated for bird blood transfusion
- PCV<20%
How and when to perform bird blood transfusion? volume, type of blood, rate?
- Volume
o 1% BW of donor bird
o Use multiple birds - Only use homologous blood
o Half-life: 1 week
o Use a neonatal filter - Rate
o Over 1-4h
why do oxygen therapy for birds?
o High basal oxygen requirements
o Beneficial in any respiratory disease
- Higher capacity to absorb oxygen in birds
o Pre-oxygenation prior to restraint
types of oxygen therapy for birds?
o Flow-by: FiO2 25-45%
o Facemaks: FiO2 35-60%
o Oxygen cages: FiO2 40-60%
why offer thermal support therapy for birds
o High avian body temperature (38-39OC)
o Reverse hypothermia
o Parrots are tropical species!!!
o Decrease energy requirements in fast metabolism species
- Temperature regulation > major energy expenditure
- Less nutritional support, help control weight loss
what is the Thermal neutrality zone for birds and how do we acheive this? when should we be cautious?
o Thermal balance > no energy expenditure for thermogenesis, just basal metabolism
o Typically: 30-35oC
o Incubators or heat bulbs
o Cautious with arctic species (snowy owls, gyrfalcons)
indications for nutritional support in birds
o Anorexia/dysorexia
o Emaciation
o Increased metabolic cost of illness
o Diseases of beak, head, crop
o Nutritional deficiencies
o As a vehicle for oral drugs
contra-indications for nutritional support in birds?
Contra-indications > Risk of regurgitation / aspiration
o Seizures, neurological diseases
o Sedation
how do energy demands change with illness?
Increased energy associated with various illnesses
MER calculation for birds
MEr (kCal) = 2BMR = 2K*Wkg^0.75
K=78 for most birds and 128 for passerines
Daily energy requirement for strarvation vs sepsis?
o Starvation: 0.7MER
o Sepsis: 1.5MER
Use of handfeeding or critical care powdered formula for birds; energy density?
o Roughly equivalent at 1 kcal/mL
tradeoff of feeding for nutritional support? how do we deal with this, ie. what is our feeding strategy
Trade-off between meeting requirements and repeated gavage-feeding and handling
o Divide into 30 mL/kg feeding (estimated crop volume)
o Typically start with twice a day in moderately sick birds and go
from there
o Very difficult to meet requirements of small birds
what is crop feeding?how do we do it?
o Nutritional support or PO drug administration
o Usually one-person job
o Esophagus then to the right (crop)
o Check placement
o Always the last treatment you administer
o Be ready to put the bird back
o If regurgitation, put it back immediately
methods of nutritional support for raptors
o Tube-feedingto proventriculus (bypass crop or no crop)
o Hand-feeding/gavage pieces of food
indications for esophagostomy tube in birds for nutritional support
o Indications
- Maxillofacial trauma
- Diseases of esophagus and crop
- Frequent regurgitation when handling
- Long duration of nutritional support
- Decreased frequency of handling (hooded raptors)
methods of oral drug admin for different bird species
o Liquid to parrots and small birds
o Can do pills in raptors, chickens, ducks, pigeons
should we use water drug admin for birds? when and why?
o Not a great idea
o Can not control the dose
o Depends on drinking
o Degrades over time
o Used in passerines (drink a lot) and for chlamydiosis in colonies of cockatiels (doxycycline)
o Does not work in budgerigars (do not drink much)
when do we use in feed drug admin for pet birds?
o Avian chlamydiosis in budgerigars (Doxycycline)
how do we perform intramuscular drug admin for birds? what is an issue we should be aware of?
o In the pectoral muscle (alternate side)
o Use smallest needle possible
o Can cause local muscle necrosis
Especially enrofloxacin, should not be given IM
subcutaneous drug admin considerations for birds?
o May add some drugs to subcutaneous fluids
o Do not inject undiluted enrofloxacin (skin necrosis)
