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3. Comparative > Bird 4 > Flashcards

Bird 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when should we perform blood collection on bird in exam and why?

A

Perform as soon as possible
o Limit stress leukogram
o Limit elevation in some enzymes
o Limit elevation in blood glucose and lactates

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2
Q

what can we do to make blood collection easier? How?

A

Sedation makes it easier
o Midazolam/butorphanol 2/2
mg/kg intranasal
o Reversed with flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg intranasal

> dosages can be species specific

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3
Q

venipuncture sites for avian blood collection

A

o Right jugular vein (much bigger than left) o (Left jugular vein)
o Ulnar vein
o Medial metatarsal vein

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4
Q

best blood collection site for parrots and small birds of prey, and how many people required

A

o Right jugular vein preferred
o One person job

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5
Q

best blood collection site for medium to large birds of prey, and how many people required

A

o Any site
o Two-person job

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6
Q

best blood collection site for anseriformes and galliformes

A

o Medial metatarsal vein easiest

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7
Q

where not to take blood from for strigiformes? why?

A

Strigiformes
o Not medial metatarsal (feathered)

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8
Q

where not to take blood from for columbiformes? why?

A

o Not jugular (no apterium in these species + cervical plexus)

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9
Q

max volume for bird blood collection? what should we be careful of?

A

o 1% of body weight
o Caution in tiny birds, account for hematoma formation, prior and future blood loss (surgery)

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10
Q

required volume for bloodwork, for CBC, biochem, and vetscan

A

o CBC: 0.2-0.4 mL
o Biochemistry: 0.2mL plasma (0.4-0.5 blood)
>Don’t use serum, you’ll lose volume
o Vetscan: 0.1mL whole blood - But decreased panel

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11
Q

materials for blood collection in bird

A

o Smallest needle possible for the volume
harvested
o Needle size: 22-28G
o Syringe size: Insulin – 3cc syringe

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12
Q

technique for blood collection in bird

A

o Small amount of alcohol
o Stay parallel to the vein, bend the needle, keep the head extended
o Stabilize needle on your thumb or index finger
o Suction steadily with medium speed
- Too slow > clotting
- Too quick > vessel collapse
o Hold for clotting
- Longer pressure for ulnar and medial metatarsal vein
- Bandage
o Remove needle prior to tube transfer

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13
Q

blood collection tubes to use for CBC, bichem

A

o CBC > EDTA
o Biochemistry > Heparin
- Spin and separate plasma prior to submission

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14
Q

Do not pre-heparinize syringes in what scenarios for bird blood collection

A

Do not pre-heparinize syringes in small birds or for blood culture

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15
Q

supportive care for birds, main principles

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Thermal support
  • Nutritional support
  • Initial treatment
    o Frequently broad-spectrum antibiotics
    o Analgesics
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16
Q

most sick birds require some form of what type of therapy

A
  • Most sick birds require some forms of fluid therapy
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17
Q

why is fluid therapy more challenging in birds

A

o Small size
- Harder to place catheters
- Tiny volume of IV drugs
- Limitations of infusion equipment
o Readily damage IV materials and bandages
o Monitoring is complicated

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18
Q

important osmoregulation considerations in birds for fluid therapy

A

o Uricotelic
o Post-renal handling of urine
o Salt glands

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19
Q

daily water requirements for birds

A

o Poorly investigated in pet birds
o 50-100 mg/kg/day
o Higher in neonates

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20
Q

rotues of administration for fluid therapy in birds

A

PO
SC
IV
IO

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21
Q

PO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

A

sites: Crop, Proventriculus
pros: Least invasive
cons: GI disease, Neuro disease, Debilitated bird
Fluid type: hypotonic

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22
Q

SC fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

A

sites: Inguinal web,
Interscapular, Axillary area
pros: Non invasive, well tolerated
cons: Mild dehydration, Limited volume
Fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic

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23
Q

IV fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

A

sites: Ulnar vein, Medial metatarsal, Jugular vein
pros: IV access for drugs, Rapid dissemination, More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Bleeding if damage
fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic ,Hypertonic, Colloid, Blood

24
Q

IO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type

A

sites: Ulna, Tibiotarsus
pros: No bleeding,
Ideal when veins are small
IV access for drugs Rapid dissemination More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Painful
Potential for osteomyelitis Fluid extravasation

fluid types: Isotonic Hypotonic (Hypertonic) (Colloid) Blood

25
Q

colume of SC fluids per site

A

o About 10 ml/kg/site

26
Q
  • IVcatheterplacement
A

Ulnar vein
Medial metatarsal vein

27
Q
  • IO catheter placement; type of needle, anesthesia needed?
A

o 22g 1.5” spinal needles
o 26-25g hypodermic needles
o Anesthesia not needed
o Local analgesia debatable

28
Q

how to check IO catheter placement

A

Can check placement by tracking a bolus in the ulnar vein

29
Q

where to never place IO catheter

A

CAREFUL: NOT in pneumatic bones (humerus, femur)

30
Q

first step of fluid therapy plan

A

o Assess hydration status and signs of hypovolemia (see Lecture 3)

31
Q

3 stages of fluid therapy

A

o Resuscitation
o Rehydration
o Maintenance

32
Q

what do we use for resuscitation phase in bird fluid therapy

A
  • Plasmalyte A: 10-15 mL bolus
  • Hypertonic NaCl 7.5%: 3 mL bolus
  • Colloids: 5-10 mL bolus
  • Vasopressors (dopamine, norepinephrine)
33
Q

rehydration considerations fro bird fluid therapy

A
  • 50-100% estimated loss over 24h
  • Maintenance requirements and anticipated loss
  • Select fluid type based on blood gases/electrolytes and disease condition
34
Q

mainteneace route for bird fluid therapy, generally

A
  • Typically switch to subcutaneous
35
Q

PCV volume indicated for bird blood transfusion

A
  • PCV<20%
36
Q

How and when to perform bird blood transfusion? volume, type of blood, rate?

A
  • Volume
    o 1% BW of donor bird
    o Use multiple birds
  • Only use homologous blood
    o Half-life: 1 week
    o Use a neonatal filter
  • Rate
    o Over 1-4h
37
Q

why do oxygen therapy for birds?

A

o High basal oxygen requirements
o Beneficial in any respiratory disease
- Higher capacity to absorb oxygen in birds
o Pre-oxygenation prior to restraint

37
Q

types of oxygen therapy for birds?

A

o Flow-by: FiO2 25-45%
o Facemaks: FiO2 35-60%
o Oxygen cages: FiO2 40-60%

38
Q

why offer thermal support therapy for birds

A

o High avian body temperature (38-39OC)
o Reverse hypothermia
o Parrots are tropical species!!!
o Decrease energy requirements in fast metabolism species
- Temperature regulation > major energy expenditure
- Less nutritional support, help control weight loss

39
Q

what is the Thermal neutrality zone for birds and how do we acheive this? when should we be cautious?

A

o Thermal balance > no energy expenditure for thermogenesis, just basal metabolism
o Typically: 30-35oC
o Incubators or heat bulbs
o Cautious with arctic species (snowy owls, gyrfalcons)

40
Q

indications for nutritional support in birds

A

o Anorexia/dysorexia
o Emaciation
o Increased metabolic cost of illness
o Diseases of beak, head, crop
o Nutritional deficiencies
o As a vehicle for oral drugs

41
Q

contra-indications for nutritional support in birds?

A

Contra-indications > Risk of regurgitation / aspiration
o Seizures, neurological diseases
o Sedation

42
Q

how do energy demands change with illness?

A

Increased energy associated with various illnesses

43
Q

MER calculation for birds

A

MEr (kCal) = 2BMR = 2K*Wkg^0.75

K=78 for most birds and 128 for passerines

44
Q

Daily energy requirement for strarvation vs sepsis?

A

o Starvation: 0.7MER
o Sepsis: 1.5MER

45
Q

Use of handfeeding or critical care powdered formula for birds; energy density?

A

o Roughly equivalent at 1 kcal/mL

46
Q

tradeoff of feeding for nutritional support? how do we deal with this, ie. what is our feeding strategy

A

Trade-off between meeting requirements and repeated gavage-feeding and handling

o Divide into 30 mL/kg feeding (estimated crop volume)
o Typically start with twice a day in moderately sick birds and go
from there
o Very difficult to meet requirements of small birds

47
Q

what is crop feeding?how do we do it?

A

o Nutritional support or PO drug administration
o Usually one-person job
o Esophagus then to the right (crop)
o Check placement
o Always the last treatment you administer
o Be ready to put the bird back
o If regurgitation, put it back immediately

48
Q

methods of nutritional support for raptors

A

o Tube-feedingto proventriculus (bypass crop or no crop)
o Hand-feeding/gavage pieces of food

49
Q

indications for esophagostomy tube in birds for nutritional support

A

o Indications
- Maxillofacial trauma
- Diseases of esophagus and crop
- Frequent regurgitation when handling
- Long duration of nutritional support
- Decreased frequency of handling (hooded raptors)

50
Q

methods of oral drug admin for different bird species

A

o Liquid to parrots and small birds
o Can do pills in raptors, chickens, ducks, pigeons

51
Q

should we use water drug admin for birds? when and why?

A

o Not a great idea
o Can not control the dose
o Depends on drinking
o Degrades over time
o Used in passerines (drink a lot) and for chlamydiosis in colonies of cockatiels (doxycycline)
o Does not work in budgerigars (do not drink much)

52
Q

when do we use in feed drug admin for pet birds?

A

o Avian chlamydiosis in budgerigars (Doxycycline)

53
Q

how do we perform intramuscular drug admin for birds? what is an issue we should be aware of?

A

o In the pectoral muscle (alternate side)
o Use smallest needle possible
o Can cause local muscle necrosis
Especially enrofloxacin, should not be given IM

54
Q

subcutaneous drug admin considerations for birds?

A

o May add some drugs to subcutaneous fluids
o Do not inject undiluted enrofloxacin (skin necrosis)

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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