Bird 4 Flashcards
when should we perform blood collection on bird in exam and why?
Perform as soon as possible
o Limit stress leukogram
o Limit elevation in some enzymes
o Limit elevation in blood glucose and lactates
what can we do to make blood collection easier? How?
Sedation makes it easier
o Midazolam/butorphanol 2/2
mg/kg intranasal
o Reversed with flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg intranasal
> dosages can be species specific
venipuncture sites for avian blood collection
o Right jugular vein (much bigger than left) o (Left jugular vein)
o Ulnar vein
o Medial metatarsal vein
best blood collection site for parrots and small birds of prey, and how many people required
o Right jugular vein preferred
o One person job
best blood collection site for medium to large birds of prey, and how many people required
o Any site
o Two-person job
best blood collection site for anseriformes and galliformes
o Medial metatarsal vein easiest
where not to take blood from for strigiformes? why?
Strigiformes
o Not medial metatarsal (feathered)
where not to take blood from for columbiformes? why?
o Not jugular (no apterium in these species + cervical plexus)
max volume for bird blood collection? what should we be careful of?
o 1% of body weight
o Caution in tiny birds, account for hematoma formation, prior and future blood loss (surgery)
required volume for bloodwork, for CBC, biochem, and vetscan
o CBC: 0.2-0.4 mL
o Biochemistry: 0.2mL plasma (0.4-0.5 blood)
>Don’t use serum, you’ll lose volume
o Vetscan: 0.1mL whole blood - But decreased panel
materials for blood collection in bird
o Smallest needle possible for the volume
harvested
o Needle size: 22-28G
o Syringe size: Insulin – 3cc syringe
technique for blood collection in bird
o Small amount of alcohol
o Stay parallel to the vein, bend the needle, keep the head extended
o Stabilize needle on your thumb or index finger
o Suction steadily with medium speed
- Too slow > clotting
- Too quick > vessel collapse
o Hold for clotting
- Longer pressure for ulnar and medial metatarsal vein
- Bandage
o Remove needle prior to tube transfer
blood collection tubes to use for CBC, bichem
o CBC > EDTA
o Biochemistry > Heparin
- Spin and separate plasma prior to submission
Do not pre-heparinize syringes in what scenarios for bird blood collection
Do not pre-heparinize syringes in small birds or for blood culture
supportive care for birds, main principles
- Fluid therapy
- Oxygen therapy
- Thermal support
- Nutritional support
- Initial treatment
o Frequently broad-spectrum antibiotics
o Analgesics
most sick birds require some form of what type of therapy
- Most sick birds require some forms of fluid therapy
why is fluid therapy more challenging in birds
o Small size
- Harder to place catheters
- Tiny volume of IV drugs
- Limitations of infusion equipment
o Readily damage IV materials and bandages
o Monitoring is complicated
important osmoregulation considerations in birds for fluid therapy
o Uricotelic
o Post-renal handling of urine
o Salt glands
daily water requirements for birds
o Poorly investigated in pet birds
o 50-100 mg/kg/day
o Higher in neonates
rotues of administration for fluid therapy in birds
PO
SC
IV
IO
PO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Crop, Proventriculus
pros: Least invasive
cons: GI disease, Neuro disease, Debilitated bird
Fluid type: hypotonic
SC fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Inguinal web,
Interscapular, Axillary area
pros: Non invasive, well tolerated
cons: Mild dehydration, Limited volume
Fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic
IV fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Ulnar vein, Medial metatarsal, Jugular vein
pros: IV access for drugs, Rapid dissemination, More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Bleeding if damage
fluid type: Isotonic, Hypotonic ,Hypertonic, Colloid, Blood
IO fluids: sites, pros cons, fluid type
sites: Ulna, Tibiotarsus
pros: No bleeding,
Ideal when veins are small
IV access for drugs Rapid dissemination More precise dosing
cons: Low tolerance, Painful
Potential for osteomyelitis Fluid extravasation
fluid types: Isotonic Hypotonic (Hypertonic) (Colloid) Blood
