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3. Comparative > Bird 3 > Flashcards

Bird 3 Flashcards

1
Q

basis of good bird (and other) medicine

A
  • History + PE = Basis of good medicine
  • Can spend lots of money on diagnostics
    and still miss important issues
  • Most mistakes come from:
    o Poor or an incomplete physical examination
    o Tunnel vision
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2
Q

important history to collect for birds

A

o Signalment
o Captive environment
o Diet
o Past medical history
o History of current presentation

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3
Q

what do birds do that makes history / observation hard and why

A
  • Birds tend to hide their clinical signs
    o Prey species
    o High compensatory mechanisms
    o Acute on chronic presentations
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4
Q

4 parts of observations to make during history taking

A

o Signalment (species, age, sex, source, other pets, use)
o Husbandry (habitat, diet, enrichment, routine)
o Past history
o Presenting problem

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5
Q

why important to know bird species?

A

o Different questions to ask depending on species group (parrots and pet birds, birds of prey, backyard chicken)
o Diseases vary by species

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6
Q

why important to know bird sex?

A

o Sexualdimorphismoregglaying
o DNAorsurgicalconfirmation
o Females have lots of reproductive diseases, so important to know

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7
Q

lifespan for parrots, birs of prey?

A

o Parrot average life span: 20-30 years
o Birds of prey: 10-20 years

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8
Q

why important to know birds age?

A

o Younger birds have more infectious diseases vs older more non- infectious/neoplasias

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9
Q

important considerations before restraining a bird in practice

A
  • DO NOT involve the owner
     Most parrots are pets and some raptors are falconry birds
  • Don’t break the trust with owners/training
  • Least intrusive techniques first
     More stressful for everyone
    <><>
  • Observe the bird and cage first
     Breathing pattern and RR
     Behaviour and mentation
     Wing and leg position
    <><>
  • Be aware of risks (and warn the owner)
     Birds can die during restraint or sample collection (old, compromised)
     Some birds lose feathers as a defense mechanism
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10
Q

principles of bird restraint, when about to restrain

A
  • Be fast (prepared and efficient)
     Have everything ready
     Monitor your bird at all times
     Maximize things done during restraint (collect all samples)
     If planned to anesthetize the bird for diagnostic tests, do PE when anesthetized (don’t grab it twice)
  • Target their weapon
     Beak for parrots
     Feet for raptors
     Nothing for chickens (except spur) and pigeons
     Fused skeleton – limbs and head mobile
  • No open windows or doors
  • Birds are light and fragile
    o Most birds you’ll see weigh < 500g-1kg
    o Do not exert too much force
    o Never press on the keel or they will suffocate
    o If sick, may have to stage things or put in incubator first
  • Can catch most birds in the dark
    o Passerines: no light, no perch
    o Birds don’t see as well as us in the dark (except nocturnal birds obviously)
    o Definitely turn off lights if escape
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11
Q

very important restraint consideration for parrots

A

DO NOT USE gloves - not enough dexterity

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12
Q

proper parraot restraint

A

Use towels, not gloves

  • Hold head with one hand and support body and legs with the other
  • All fingers below mandible!!
  • Can hold head and body simultaneously in small species
  • Don’t hang them by the head
  • If you are losing control or bird flapping too much > press it against your body and reposition your hands
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13
Q

proper tools for raptor restraint

A

-gloves (maybe with towels)
-safety glasses for eagles
- easier in the dark

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14
Q

never press on keel for birds or what?

A

o Never press on the keel or they will suffocate

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15
Q

considerations for parrot handling: dangers and issues

A
  • Handling is stressful
    o Parrotsbecome
    hyperthermic in 15 min
    o Hard to take blood on struggling parrot
    o Loud vocalization
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16
Q

how to perform conscious sedation for parrots

A
  • Conscious sedation
    o Midazolam+ Butorphanol at 2 + 2mg/kg iN (or IM)
    o Wait 10 minutes
    o Reverse with flumazenil 0.05 mg/kg IN (or IM)
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17
Q

common clinical signs for general sickness

A
  • General sickness = Non-specific signs
    o Fluffed up
    o Bottom of cage
    o Eyes (half) closed
    o Decreased appetite
    o Lethargy
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18
Q

common clinical signs for dyspnea

A

o Tail bobbing
o Increased efforts
o Slow return to normal (>1-2 min)
o Open beak breathing (severe)
o Inspiratory (upper respiratory)
o Expiratory/mixed (lower respiratory)
o Voice change (syrinx)

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19
Q

common changes to see in urofeces for sick bird

A

o Polyuria (watery)
- Lots of causes, not specific
o Color changes
- Red: blood, myoglobin, hemoglobin
- Green: biliverdinuria
- Black: melena
o Undigested seeds
- Stomach issue

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20
Q

common clinical neuro / muskuloskeletal signs? important question to ask?

A
  • Neurological / musculo- skeletal signs
    o Falling off perch
    o Posture abnormalities o Seizuring
    o Ataxic / lame
    o Unable to fly
  • Ask again about exposure to heavy metals (lead)
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21
Q

common reasons for straining in bird? can be confused with what?

A

oEgg binding oCloacal issues
oCan be confused with a breathing problem

22
Q

common clinical signs that people bring in birds for

A
  • General sickness= Non-specific signs
  • Dyspnea
  • Changes in urofeces
  • Neurological / musculo- skeletal signs
  • Straining
  • Other common presenting complaints
    o Masses
    o Ocular issues
    o Cloacal prolapse (which part is prolapsed?)
    o Feather loss
    o Egg laying problems
    o Regurgitations/vomiting
23
Q

distance exam for bird: what do we look at?

A

o Look at diet in the cage
o Look at urofeces
- Watery (beware of oversupplementation with fruits)
- Color change (beware artificial diet colorants)
- Undigested seeds
o Look at the bird
- Fluffed up, eyes closed
- Breathing pattern (increased efforts, tail-bobbing, open beak)
- Feathering (stress bars, dull colours)
- Wing and leg position, etc.
o Decide if placed in incubator/oxygen or safe to do a hand- on examination (can also keep the head in oxygen)

24
Q

why do we weight bird on PE?

A

o Estimate of body condition
o For dosages
o For monitoring

25
Q

steps for bird exam?

A
  • distance exam
    o Look at diet in the cage
    o Look at urofeces
    o Look at the bird
    o Decide if placed in incubator/oxygen or safe to do a hand- on examination (can also keep the head in oxygen)
  • weigh bird
  • Take blood before doing a complete examination
  • Start with body condition
  • Head examination
  • Body palpation
  • Wings (hold the elbows) and legs
  • Cloaca
  • Uropygial gland
  • Hydration status
  • Cardio-respiratory auscultation
  • Fundic examination in raptors
  • Cloacal temperature
  • Then focus on specific presenting complaint or obvious issue
26
Q

when do we take blood on PE? What to expect?

A

Takebloodbefore doing a complete examination
o Stress leukogram
o Increase in muscle enzymes, impair ability to diagnose liver diseases
o Increase in blood glucose

27
Q

bird body condition helps give us what?

A

o Idea of chronicity
o Idea of hydration

28
Q

bird head examination - whats is included

A

o Eyes, ears, nares, beak
o Oral cavity
- Choana
- Choanal papilla (blunted in hypovitaminosis A)
- Tongue

29
Q

what do we palpate on bird?

A

Body palpation
o Palpate the crop
o Palpate the coelom
- An egg is round, caudal, and very hard
- Don’t confuse the ventriculus for an egg (small birds)

30
Q

what do we do to cloaca on PE

A

o Evert slightly to look for papillomas

31
Q

important considerations for Uropygial gland on PE

A

o Swollen, also site of neoplasias
o Lacking in some species (Amazon parrots, Pionus parrots, blue macaws)

32
Q

what do we look for on cardio-resiratory auscultation in bird PE?

A

o Heart
- Midline on the keel
- Fast, so hard to pick up murmurs
o Lungs and air sacs
- Over the back
- 15-40/min

> HR depends on weight: 152-380 bpm relaxed, can be up to 2.4-3x increase in flight or restraint (greater increase for heavier birds)

33
Q

what special exam should we cary out in raptor PE

A
  • Fundic examination in raptors (part of eye)
34
Q

normal cloacal temp? when do we measure?

A

Cloacal temperature
o Higher38-41oC
o Not measured routinely
- Birds are stressed when handled, so hyperthermic
o Only useful in critical patients to check for hypothermia

35
Q

Last part of bird PE

A

focus on specific presenting complaint or obvious issue
o Detailed orthopedic examination
o Detailed neurologic examination

36
Q

why is it important to know what diseases are common by species

A

oDirect suspicion / educated guess - Especially in empirical medicine
(owners declined diagnostic tests)
oHelp ranking differential diagnoses
oDiscussion with owners during health checks

37
Q

what are concerning weight trends for bird

A
  • Loss of 10% acutely or 20% chronically is a concern
38
Q

reccomended bid bloodwrok schedule

A
  • Once a year, every other year
39
Q

what is the purpose of bird fecal cytology

A

screen for eyast

40
Q

reccomended fecal parasite testing for birds , species and schedule

A

Fecal parasite testing (raptors, poultry, ducks, pigeons)
- Twice a year

41
Q

how often should birds get a health check?

A

once a year minimum

42
Q

important considerations for bird baseline values

A

o Subject-based reference intervals (lower intra- individual than inter-individual variability)

43
Q

most convenient method for sexing

A

o DNA is the most convenient
o Don’t offer it for sexually dimorphic species

44
Q
  • Psittacine circovirus (PBFD): who it affects, how to test
A

o Juvenile birds
o Old world species
mainly
o DNA test on blood

45
Q

Avian bornavirus (PDD): who it effects, how to test

A

o Any bird except budgerigars
o DNA test on cloacal swab
o Carrier vs. sick

46
Q
  • Avian polyomavirus; who is susceptible
A

Only chicks are susceptible

47
Q

Avian chlamydiosis (Chlamydia psittaci); who gets it, dangers, how do we test?

A

o Mainly cockatiels and budgerigars
o Zoonosis
o DNA test on conjunctivo-choanal- cloacal swab

48
Q

reccomended preventative care for birds

A

o Parasite treatment
- In raptors, poultry and pigeons
- Treat according to fecal testing

o Vaccination
- West Nile Virus in raptors
- Salmonella, PMV in pigeons (use chicken vaccine)
- ILT, infectious bronchitis, Salmonella, influenza, PMV in chickens (too late for Marek’s disease)

49
Q

four main infectious diseases that should be tested for

A
  • Psittacine circovirus (PBFD)
  • Avian bornavirus (PDD)
  • Avian polyomavirus
  • Avian chlamydiosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
50
Q

important thing to groom in birds

A

-beak and nail
-wing feathers
> 10 in small birds
> 5-7 in medium sized birds

-watch out for blood feather!

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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