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3. Comparative > Bird 6 pt 2 > Flashcards

Bird 6 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

increased TP in birds could mean?

A

Dehydration
Hemolysis
Vitellogenesis

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2
Q

decreased TP in birds could mean?

A

Chronic disease
Emaciation
Chronic protein loss
Bleeding
GI parasitism
Molting (dilution effect)

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3
Q

problems with liver enzyme readings in birds

A

*Liver
- Several analytes needed as none is highly specific and sensitive
- Have different half-lives
- Gives different information

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4
Q

What do GGT levels tell us in birds? reptiles?

A

induced expression during cholestasis, not useful in reptiles

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5
Q

what does high GLDH in birds tell us?

A

Hepatic tissue necrosis/damage

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6
Q

High AST, LDH, CK point to what?

A

non-specific tissue damage

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7
Q

High AST, LDH, low CK point to what?

A

hepatic tissue damage

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8
Q

High AST, low LDH, high CK could mean what?

A

non-specific tissue damage, or hepatic tissue damage

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9
Q

high CK can be due to:

A
  • Non-specific tissue damage
  • Muscle damage
  • Capture myopathy (marked elevations)
  • Chronic tissue damage (neoplasia)
  • Seizures
  • Intramuscular injections
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10
Q

how high do enzyme levels have to go before clinically significant?

A

Increase more than 3-4fold for clinical significance

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11
Q

how can IM injections change AST and CK levels, and for how long?

A

Previous IM injection may increase AST and CK for up to 3-5 days

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12
Q

LDH has a high concentration in what cells?

A

RBC

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13
Q

clinical enzymology sensitivity for chronic metabolic disorders

A

Low sensitivity for chronic
metabolic disorders
- Hepatic lipidosis
- Iron storage disease
- Amyloidosis

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14
Q

are bile acids a good marker for hepatic function in birds?
- when are they raised?

A

*Bile acids: high sensitivity and specificity
- Post-prandial increase in all birds
- Functional liver disease
- Congestive heart failure

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15
Q

are bilirubin levels useful in birds? why? when do they increase?

A

Bilirubin: increase with severe disease, but limited usefulness (lack of biliverdin reductase)

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16
Q

why might we see yellow plasma in birds? is it biliverdin? why?

A

*Biliverdin not measurable
- Excreted quickly through the kidneys
- Rare to see hyperbiliverdinemia or green tinge to mucous membranes
*Yellow plasma due to carotenoids most commonly

17
Q

how do cholesterol levels change with cholestasis?

A

Increase in cholesterol with cholestasis

18
Q

when might we see a decrease in hepatic metabolites? is this common?

A

Decrease in hepatic metabolites
uncommon or very advanced
disease (e.g. ISD in mynahs)
- Uric acid
- Glucose
- Total protein

19
Q

how much nephron loss corresponds to hyperuricemia? when else might we see this condition?

A
  • May need up to 70% nephrons loss
  • Increase in dehydration, but not in mild
    dehydration
20
Q

what birds have a post-prandial increase in uric acid/ renal parameters? how long will it last?

A
  • Carnivorous, piscivorous, insectivorous species
  • May be as high as pathologic increase
  • May last more than 24h after a meal
21
Q

what happens if uric acid concentration in blood get very high?

A

Uric acid precipitates at high
concentrations in tissues
- Urate nephrosis
- Articular gout (chronic)
- Visceral gout (acute)

22
Q

when do we see increased urea in birds?

A

Increase in dehydration in birds (prerenal
azotemia)

23
Q

when does green urine mean in birds? red urine?

A
  • Green: biliverdinuria
  • Red: lead poisoning (porphyrin or hemoglobin) or
    capture myopathy
24
Q

are urine dipsticks useful in birds? why?

A
  • Low clinical utility, mainly useful for glucose
  • Birds’ main ketone is BHBA not aceto-acetate, so
    dipstick won’t work
  • Biliverdinuria vs bilirubinuria
  • Other analytes of low value because of post-renal modification of urine and mixing with feces
25
Q

how do avian glucose levels differ from mammals? what do avian RBCs use as fuel? are glucose meters reliable in birds?

A

*Avian blood glucose twice that of mammals (10-20 mmol/L)
*RBC uses FA not glucose
*Glucometers not reliable in birds

26
Q

in what avian species is diabetes mellitus common?
what are their glucose levels?

A
  • Common in mynahs and toucans
  • Very high glucose (40-60 mmol/L)
27
Q

can we detect avian ketones with a urine dipstick? why?

A
  • Ketonuria not detected on dipstick and
    ketone-meter as main ketone is different
28
Q

parameters to measure for diabetes mellitus in birds

A
  • Glucosuria (dipstick)
  • Can measure BHBA and fructosamine
29
Q

DDX for hypoglycemia in birds

A
  • Anorexia in young bird/neonates (rarely
    starvation)
  • Sepsis
30
Q

DDx for high cholesterol in birds

A
  • Post-prandial increase
  • Biliary stasis
  • Dyslipidemia and high fat diet
  • Female bird reproductive physiology
  • Associated with a number of lipid- accumulation disorders
    > Hepatic lipidosis
    > Lipomas
    > Atherosclerosis
    > Obesity
31
Q

calcium levels and regulation in birds vs mammals

A

*Similar regulation as mammals
*iCa similar concentrations
*Female reproductive physiology
> Hypercalcemia (iCa stable)
> High calcium exchange in the shell
gland (highest ion transport in animals)

32
Q

common reasons for hypocalcemia in birds

A
  • African grey parrots
  • Zinc toxicosis
  • Nutritional hyperparaT
  • Sepsis (ionized)
  • Egg laying in deficient birds
  • Overheparinization (iCa)
  • Clot in sample
33
Q

reasons for hypercalcemia in birds

A
  • Vitamin D toxicosis (macaws, reptiles)
  • Rodenticides
  • Dehydration
  • Reproductive physiology/diseases (iCa
    normal)
  • Lymphoma (very rare)
  • Lipemia
34
Q

what are thyroid hormone levels like in birds? how can we diagnose hypothyroidism?

A
  • tT4 and fT4 have low concentrations
  • Cannot diagnose hypothyroidism without stimulation test
35
Q

nucleated blood cells in birds means that we have to count how if we want an accurate result?

A

manually

36
Q

If marked leukocytosis, think:

A

aspergillosis, Chlamydia, Mycobacteria

37
Q

best liver marker for birds

A

bile acids

38
Q

what is required to accurately measure albimun / globulins in birds

A

Electrophoresis

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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