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3. Comparative > Bird 7 > Flashcards

Bird 7 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Common signs of pain in birds
A

o Lethargy, fluffed up
o Anorexia
o Tachypnea, tachycardia
o Lameness
o Over-preening over-painful areas
o Alteration of species ethogram

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2
Q

is it hard or easy to for us to assess pain in birds? why? what should we keep in mind?

A

Harder to assess in birds because:
o Tends to hide signs of pain
o Minimal facial expression (no grimace scoring possible)
o Hard to extrapolate from mammals

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3
Q
  • Why do we treat pain in birds?
A

oEthical reasons
oTo improve prognosis
- Pain is immunosuppressant
- Better appetite, less weight loss
- Better attitude, comfort

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4
Q
  • Complete pain management plan
A

o Decrease stress
o Improve comfort
o Stabilize fractures
o Decrease handling
o Drugs

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5
Q

antiinflammatories that we should and should not use in birds:

A

Only NSAID
- NO corticosteroids in birds!

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6
Q

can we use the same analgesics for all birds?

A

A bird is not a bird is not a bird
o Every species is different
o Would you give the same drug plan to cows and dogs because they are both mammals?

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7
Q

use of opiods in birds? what should we use for parrots? raptors?

A

o Most parrots respond more to κ-agonists
- Butorphanol 1-5 mg/kg IM q2-4h
- Butorphanol 1-2 mg/kg/h CRI IV
o Most raptors respond more to μ-agonists
- Hydromorphone 0.1-0.3 mg/kg IM q2-4h
- Buprenorphine 0.1-0.6 mg/kg q6h IM
- Fentanyl 5-15 ug/kg/h CRI IV

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8
Q

analgesic of choice for birds?

A

NSAID
* Meloxicam
o Drug of choice
o Safe even at high dose and long term >Ensure bird is well hydrated
o Most birds: 1 mg/kg q12h PO
> 10 times higher than dogs!

  • Alternatives
    o Carprofen (cheaper, use in big birds)
    o Celecoxib (more cox-2 specific but no data)
    o Some NSAID toxicity reported in birds
     Diclofenac in old world vultures
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9
Q

non NSAID options for analgesia in birds

A
  • Tramadol
    o Useful for chronic treatment at home when meloxicam is
    not enough or contraindicated o Several studies in birds
    o Can be combined with NSAID o 5-30 mg/kg PO q12h
  • Gabapentin
    o Neuropathic pain
    o Can cause sedation at high doses
    o Great inter-individual variability
     Start “low” and gradually increase dosage
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10
Q

local anesthetics used in birds? are epidurals used often?

A
  • Lidocaine
    o Block, splash
    o 1-2 mg/kg total
     Careful with small species
  • Epidural
    o Very difficult in birds and risky
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11
Q

metabolic consideration for bird anesthesia

A

small size and much higher metabolism than mammals

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12
Q

pre anesthetic considerations for birds:

A
  • Acclimation
  • Pre-anesthetic work-up
    o Ensure crop is empty
    o CBC/Biochemistry/Physicalexamination
    o May need to stabilize first
  • Major contraindications
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13
Q

how do we ensure clip is empty? for surgery? keep i nmind?

A
  • If not, fast for 12h
  • Standard fasting: 6-12h (until crop is empty)
  • Do not fast passerines for too long
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14
Q

major contraindications for anesthetic in birds

A

o Crop distension
o Hypovolemic/severe dehydration
o Severe dyspnea
o Cardiovascular compromise
o Severe anemia

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15
Q

how to use premed / sedation in birds?

A
  • Either use alone (sedation) or as pre- medication for long anesthesia/surgery
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16
Q

goals of premed / sedation in birds

A

o Sedation
o Pre-emptive analgesia
o Potentiate isoflurane
- Decreases MAC
- Decreases side-effects of isoflurane

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17
Q

combination for premed / sedation in parrots

A

midazolam & butorphanol

18
Q

combination for premed / sedation in birds of prey

A

Midazolam & Fentanyl (or hydromorphone)

19
Q

when do we place IV and monitoring for birds under anesthesia

A
  • Typically the IV and monitoring are placed after induction
    o Except in larger birds (chicken, ducks…)
20
Q

mask induction methods in birds

A
  • Mask induction with isoflurane 5% (less if very sedated or compromised)
    o Fairly rapid, <5 minutes
    o Different size/shape masks
    o Mild differences with sevoflurane, equivalent in parrots
21
Q

problem with mask induction in large birds, and solution

A
  • Large birds may struggle with mask induction and have prolonged induction times (turkeys, ducks, swans)
  • Solution
    o IV propofol induction (5-10 mg/kg slow IV)
22
Q

when will we want to keep on the mask for bird anesthetic? drawbacks?

A

o Very short anesthesia
o Tiny birds (see later)
o Repeated anesthesia (see later)
o Drawbacks
- Cannot support ventilation and monitor end- tidal CO2
- No glottal protection if regurgitation
- Will become hypercapnic over time

23
Q

endotracheal intubation method for birds? materials? what to expect?

A

o Glottis easy to visualize
o Uncuffed tube
- Complete tracheal rings
- Various sizes / models
- Expect some leakage

24
Q
  • Drawbacks of intubation
A

o Small birds: increase in airway resistance
(varies with radius)
- 5 to 3 mmincrease resistance by 7
- 5 to 1 mmincrease resistance by 625!!
o Tube obstruction with mucus
- Especially ducks, needs to be changed
every hour
o Risks of post-intubation tracheal stenosis
- About 10-14 days after intubation
- Clean, atraumatic, (sterile), tubes
- Don’t intubate too deep (first line of tube)
- Avoid repeated intubations
- Be careful when moving head/neck

25
Q

when will tracheal stenosis appear after intubation, sometimes? how do we avoid?

A
  • About 10-14 days after intubation
  • Clean, atraumatic, (sterile), tubes
  • Don’t intubate too deep (first line of tube)
  • Avoid repeated intubations
  • Be careful when moving head/neck
26
Q

when should we go with IV access for bird anesthesia?

A
  • Only for long anesthesia
27
Q

surgical rate of fluids for birds?

A

o 10 ml/kg/h crystalloids (Plasmalyte)

28
Q

type of circuit for birds?

A

Use a non- rebreathing circuit
oBain circuit

29
Q

MAC isofluorane for birds?

A

Differs by species, but:
-need about 1.3-1.5 MAC for surgical anesthesia (without balanced anesthesia)
o 2.5-3% frequently needed clinically

30
Q
  • Side-effects of isoflurane
A

o Respiratory depressant
- More marked in birds than in mammals
o Hypotension
- IV fluids surgical rate
- Balanced anesthetic protocol (reduces MAC as much as possible)
o Induces arrhythmias in some species
- Second-degree AV blocks
- Atropine, glycopyrrolate

31
Q

purpose of balanced anesthesia in birds?

A

o Potentiates effects of isoflurane and provide
analgesia
o Reduce the isoflurane MAC

32
Q

is anesthetic depth very stable in birds? what will they lose when too deep? what with they be missing under anesthesia?

A

o Changes quickly in birds
oLack of reflexes (leg, wing withdrawal), muscle relaxation
oLack of response to noxious stimulus
o Corneal reflex lost when too deep

(birds have the same general reflexes as mammals)

33
Q

heart rate detection methods

A

stethoscope, doppler

34
Q

monitor heart rate with what consistency?

A
  • Monitor constantly if increased risk
    o Dyspnea, etc.
  • Otherwise, monitor trend
    o Concerning when <100 bpm
35
Q

things that are not really measured for birds under anesthetic

A
  • Blood pressure (can measure indirectly though)
  • ECG
36
Q

pulse oximetry use for bird anesthetic? limitations?

A

o Based on human hb
saturation curve
o Use for trends, not totally accurate
o May fail to diagnose hypoxemia
o Often does not work (scales, pigmented skin)

37
Q

capnograph limitations in birds

A
  • End-tidal CO2
    o Capnographs overestimate PaCO2 in birds
  • Because respiratory system is so efficient at excreting CO2
38
Q

end tidal CO2 levels we want to see in birds?

A

o Should maintain between 20-40 mmHg

39
Q

type of capnograph we should use for birds????????

A

o Microstream capnograph
- Neonatal, pediatric
- Low sampling volume/rate

40
Q

when will end-tidal CO2 be 0 in birds?

A

o Low or 0 if breach in air sacs

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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