Bird 8 Flashcards
macnification tool for avian microsurgery? when are they particulalry useful?
Head loupes (2.5-3x)
- Trade-off between magnification and field of view
- Requires practice
o Always indicated, but particularly for coelomic surgeries
characteristics of miniaturized instruments for birds
o Standard length, but miniaturized tip
o Counter-balanced
o Rounded handles
o Arms, hands rest on table
advantage of radiosurgery
Finer, less collateral damage than
electrosurgery
o Cut and coag modes
o Monopolar or bipolar
reccomended suture for birds?
-type
- size
- needle
- why is it best?
PDS(polydioxanone)recommended
- Monofilament
- Absorbable, but long
- Least reactive
- Not a lot of memory (easy to suture with)
o Size 5-0 (0.1 mm), 6-0 (0.07 mm)
o Taper needle (does not cut) for most applications
how to get feathers out of the way for surgery?
Plucking
o Just the right amount
o Keep other feathers away with tape
o Plucking is painful
o DO NOT pluck flight feathers
never pluck what feathers for patient prep
DO NOT pluck flight feathers
wound care has same principles as dogs and cats except
o Most parrots can remove bandages
o Wounds are not exudative
o Wounds are dry and need to be kept moistened
- Steps in wound care
o Debridement
o Flush
o Primary intention closure (fresh wound, not contaminated)
o Secondary intention closure
- Honey
- Silver sulfadiazine
- Silvasorb gel
- Non-adherent bandages, light bandages
methods of dealing with large wound care
Advancement flaps
o Top of skull
o Inguinal web
o Axillary skin
Tension sutures
how do we perform leg band removal? dangers?
Mainly small birds
-Go slow and make sure the band does not rotate while cutting
o Can fracture the leg
o May hold other side with plier
4 common reasons for crop surgery
- Ingluviotomy
o Foreign body retrieval - Esophageal tube placement
- Crop biopsy
o Upper GI disease
o Diagnosis of PDD - Crop repair
o Crop burn surgery in baby birds
o Crop laceration
purpose of esophogeal tube in birds? applications
o Pharyngostomy tube
- Birds cannot grab it
o Facilitates frequent feedings
o Upper GI and facial diseases
considerations for crop burn surgery: delay until when? always close how?
o Delay surgery until necrotic margins are known (mature fistula)
o Always close the crop separately from the skin
why do perform cloacoplasty? how to suture? drawbacks?
- Persistent cloacal prolapse
o Transverse sutures (not purse-string)
o Contra indicated in regular egg layers
o Irreversible
where to place tube for air sac placement
abdonimal air sac
Coeliotomy: different approaches and when they should be used
- Midline
o Distal oviduct, egg
o Ventriculus, intestines, cloaca
o General approach for masses - Lateral approaches
o Surgery in the air sac system
o Ovary, upper reproductive tract
o Proventriculus
o Air sacs
Salpingohysterectomy: why may we do this? do we take the ovary out?
o Oviductal prolapse/torsion
o Oviductal impaction
o NO ovariectomy in birds!
> if you remove the ovidect, there is no feedback to the ovary and the bird will not lay
how do we perform an ovocentesis?
Per-cloacally (not through skin)
o Put a forceps into the oviduct and try to open it and visualize the egg
o Then, drill a hole in the egg with a needle
o Aspirate the egg content or enlarge the hole with a hemostat
o Collapse the egg at the same time (negative pressure will help)
o Remove shell piece by piece
Sinusotomy: when is it used?
Mainly in poultry with granulomatous sinusitis
type of birds that commonly geet bumblefoot? how do we treat?
- Falcons and chickens usually
- Only if foot grossly swollen
- Debridement
- Culture
- Freshen skin edges
- Close with tension sutures
(horizontal mattress) - Bandages for at least 1 month
how to remove bird eye
ocular evisceration in birds (vs enucleation)
issues with orthopedic surgery in birds, and positive differences
- Main differences
o Flight is more demanding than walking (wing bone
repair needs to be near perfect)
o Bones are more brittle
o Some bones are pneumatized
o Birds are small so not all equipment can be used
o Birds are more resistant to osteomyelitis
o Only very light constructs should be used
o Healing is fast (4-6 weeks)
o Mainly endosteal callus, also subtle healing on radiographs
specific equipment for orthopedics in birds
- Small pins
o Positive threaded small pins
o Spinal needles - Connecting ESF bars
o PMMA
(polymethylmethacrylate)
o FESSA system
pros and cons of IM pin for bird orthopedics
o Does not counteract rotation
o Enough for transverse factures in small birds
o Easy and fast to do
ESF (external skeletal fixator) pros and cons for birds
o Does not counteract bending very well
o Can be performed without opening skin
o Difficult to reduce fracture
o Does not interfere with
fracture site (infection)
o Useful also when IM pins are not possible
- IM-ESF tie-in applications for bird orthopedics (pros)
oMore rigid than IM
and ESF together
oCounteract all forces
oEasy to apply and cheap
bone that cannot be repaired in birds
coracoid
special equipment needed for avian microsurgery
- Microsurgery requires specialized equipment
>Magnification, instruments, radio-surgery and retractor
what type of placement should we use if a tracheal obstruction?
Think air sac tube placement if tracheal obstruction
Similar as left lateral endoscopy approach
difference in speed on bird bone healing vs mammal
- Bone healing is fast in birds
issue with assessing bone healing for birds
- Bone callous are difficult to see on radiographs (endosteous)
