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3. Comparative > Bird 6 > Flashcards

Bird 6 Flashcards

1
Q

reference interval issues in birds for lab results

A
  • High biological and laboratory variability
  • Low sample sizes of most studies
  • Not RI in every avian species (may have
    to extrapolate)
  • Should not be taken as absolute values
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2
Q

important considerations about avian pathology that make things difficult

A
  • High number of species
  • High biological variability
  • High laboratory variability for hematology
  • Lack of reference values
  • Pre-analytical mistakes common
  • Lack of validation of lots of analyzers and assays (or cross-validation in all bird species)
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3
Q

normal ref range should capture what percent healthy animals? important to remember what?

A
  • 95% of healthy animals
  • 5% of healthy birds are excluded from reference
    intervals
  • Reference intervals may not be representative
  • Overlapping of normal and abnormal
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4
Q

what kind of ref intervals can we use with birds that may be more reliable?

A

*Subject-based reference intervals
- Baseline information
- Less variable than at the population level
- Show trends over time

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5
Q

anticoagulant of choice for birds? when do we use citrate?

A
  • EDTA is the anticoagulant of choice in
    most species
  • Citrate not good for hematology, but recommended for coagulation panels
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6
Q

what should we not do for a syringe for birds?

A
  • DO NOT preheparinize syringes
    >will dilute sample, interfere with values
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7
Q

consideration about psittacine cells and blood smear

A
  • Psittaciformes’ cells are fragile, use squash prep
  • Wedge method may lyse cells
  • Avoid quick stains if possible
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8
Q

should we use automated cell counters in birds? why?

A

*Automated cell counting not reliable
in birds
- All blood cells are nucleated
- Much bigger RBC
- Difference in leukocyte granulates content
(e.g. peroxidase)

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9
Q

what technique do we have to use for CBC in birds?

A

*Have to rely on manual techniques *Hemocytometer and stain
*Then apply a formula

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10
Q

how do we get a WBC count for a bird?

A

WBC estimation from the smear
- Need microscope-specific formula
- Count cells in 10 fields at x40 objective
- WBC (x109/L)=( N/10)*1.5
- Anemia correction:
WBCxPCV/45

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11
Q

drawbacks of manual blood cell count techniques used for birds?

A
  • More prone to error
    Many different steps
    Higher effect of operators and observers
  • Increase analytical variability
    10-15% compared to machine at <2-5%
  • Decrease reproducibility
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12
Q

Normal polychromatophilia level? what does high value mean?

A

*Normal polychromatophilia (1-5%)
- High polychromatophilia is a sign of
regeneration

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13
Q

can we use anisocytosis to estimate regenerative anemia in birds?

A

no
- Anisocytosis is not marked in birds

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14
Q

RBC lifespan in bords vs mammals

A

*Half-life shorter than mammals
- 1 month vs 3 months

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15
Q

WBC Differential Count method

A

*Count 100 cells at the feather edge

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16
Q

heterophils in birds equivalnet to what?

A

*Heterophils equivalent to mammalian
neutrophils (without myeloperoxidase)

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17
Q

are eosinophils consistent in appearance in birds?

A

*Eosinophils appearance vary a lot

18
Q

immature heterophil is called

A

band heterophil

19
Q

toxic heterophils - whats their appearance

A

rehab center, often found
-degranulated
- blue background cytoplasm, vacuolated
- different coloured granules

20
Q

hemoparasties found in bird blood cells

A

Hemoparasites
-Haemoproteus spp.
-Plasmodium spp.
-Leucocytozoon spp.
-Microfilariae, Babesia spp., Isospora spp., Trypanosoma spp.

21
Q

what bird species are heterophilic vs lymphocytic?

A

*Heterophilic species
- Most species
>most WBCs are heterophils

*Lymphocytic species
- Lots of passerines
- Some parrots (Amazon, Quaker parrots)
- Some owls (barred owl, long-eared owl)
>most WBCs are lymphocytes

22
Q

can we measure thrombocytes in burds?

A

*Cannot be measured, just estimated (automated systems not made for birds)

23
Q

usual number of thrombocytes on microscope slide? what do we keep in mind for estimating levels

A

*Typically 1-5 per HPF unless presence of clumps (average several fields
*Subjective assessment
*Clumping frequent, especially with
heparin

24
Q

PCV for birds

A

*PCV of birds is high (45-55%)

25
Q

difference in anemia and regeneration for birds vs mammals

A

*Assess regeneration
- Birds regenerate faster, but also get anemic faster

26
Q

what type of birds normally have lower PCV

A

*Biological variation (lower PCV)
- Baby birds
- Reproductive females
- Some species: chickens

27
Q

common causes of anemia in birds

A

*Common causes
- Chronic disease
- Hemorrhage/hemolysis
- Neoplastic disorders

28
Q

reasons for erythrocytosis? PCV level?

A

*Dehydration/hemoconcentration *Respiratory disease
*Rarely neoplastic in birds

PCV=63%

29
Q

Inflammatory disorders leadding to leukosytosis

A
  • Infection (bacterial and fungal)
  • Toxicosis
  • Neoplasia
  • Trauma
  • Egg-yolk coelomitis
  • Immune-mediated
30
Q

lymphoproliferative disorders in birds

A
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Lymphoma secondarily leukemic
31
Q

eosinophilia in birds assoc with waht

A
  • Not associated with parasites
  • Just general inflammation
32
Q

monocytosis assoc with what

A
  • Granulomatous inflammation
  • Chronic inflammation
33
Q

lymphocytosis assoc with what

A
  • Viral infections
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Lymphocytic species
34
Q

reasons for leukopenia in birds

A

*Artifacts, lysed cells
*Viral infection
- Circoviruses (often young)
*Inbreeding
*Degenerative left shift
*Chemotherapy

35
Q

thrombocytopenia points to:

A

*Part of pancytopenia
*Bone marrow diseases
*Iatrogenic (chlorambucil)

36
Q

Common Artifacts in bird blood readings

A

*Muscle exertion and IM injections -
Alter CK and most liver enzymes
*Lipemia
- Alter most colorimetric test
*Hemolysis
- Increase K and LDH and may alter colorimetric
tests
*Clotting
- Decrease calcium and proteins
*Not separating the plasma
- Changes in K

37
Q

birds usually have sample biochem profiles offered as:

A

reptiles

38
Q

bird TP vs mammals

A

*Birds have lower TP than mammals

39
Q

what are the limitations of the refractometer for birds? what can we use it for?

A

*Refractometer is not reliable for TP (but gives TS)

40
Q

can we use the dye binding method for albimin in birds? How do we measure albumin

A

*Dye binding method not reliable for albumin measurement
- Protein electrophoresis has to be used if you want albumin and globulins

41
Q

is protein electrophoresis useful in birds?

A

*Lots of studies in birds, but overall not very useful clinically
*Increase in beta or gamma fractions associated with some diseases, but non-specific

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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