Bird 9 Flashcards

1
Q

avian chlamydiosis
- agent, type
- agent developmental forms
- transmission
- what birds are susceptible

A

Chlamydia psittaci
o Small obligate intracellular bacteria
o Biphasic development (elementary and reticulate bodies)
o Transmission: fecal-oral, aerosol, secretions
o All birds are susceptible
- In pet birds, cockatiels and budgerigars are the most commonly infected
<><><>
- reticulate bodies replicate in cells
- elementary bodies infect new cells

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2
Q

avian chlamydiosis clinical signs

A

o Multisystemic with a tropism for respiratory system and liver
o Rhinitis, conjunctivitis in mild cases (pigeons, cockatiels)

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3
Q

avian chlamysiosis zoonotic risk
- where do most human infections come from?
- signs in humans?
- should we tell someone?

A

Zoonosis (only important one)
o Most human cases come from exposures to urban pigeons
and other carriers
o Parrots can definitely transmit disease to humans o Atypical pneumonia in humans
o NOTIFIABLE

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4
Q

avian chlamydiosis Dx

A

o PCR on oro-choanal-cloacal swab
o Serology: EBA (elementary body agglutination), ELISA
o Culture
o Cytology and histopathology
- Inclusions on HE
- Special stains: Gimenez or Macchiavello
o Blood work: non specific but important
- Marked inflammatory leucogram (heterophilic and/or
monocytic leucocytosis)
- May see liver involvement (elevation in liver enzymes and bile acids)

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5
Q

avian chlamydiosis Tx

A

o Antibiotic with intracellular distribution
- Older tetracyclines
- Doxycycline (drug of choice)
- Azithromycin
o Recommended length of treatment (20 to 45 days)
o For flocks of budgerigars
- Incorporate drug into food (medicated feed)
o For flocks of cockatiels
- Incorporate drug into water (doxycycline)

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6
Q

what agents can cause avian mycobacteriosis?
which are most common in pet birds?
zoonotic potential?

A

o M. avian-intracellulare complex
- M. avium avium
- Low zoonotic potential
<><>
o M. genavense
- Low zoonotic potential
- Most common in pet birds
<><>
o M. tuberculosis and M. bovis
- Typically reverse zoonosis

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7
Q

mycobacteria characteristics
- what type of organisms?
- who do they cause problems in
- species affected
- stain?

A
  • Saprophytic organisms
  • Immunocompromised individuals - All species are susceptible
  • all are acid fast organisms
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8
Q

avian mycobaacteriosis clinical signs

A

o Chronic weight loss, emaciation
o Gastrointestinal/liver
o Less commonly respiratory signs

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9
Q

avian mycobacteriosis diagnosis

A

o PCR on biopsied tissues
o Histopathology
- Acid-fast stain
o Cytology
- “Ghost” organisms (does not pick up stain)
o Culture
- Very slow growing (M. genavense may take 6 months!!)

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10
Q

avian mycobacteriosis treatment

A

o Euthanasia when too advanced
o Lots of people recommend euthanasia because of zoonotic risk, but never been documented
- Very low probability
- Still a risk in immunocompromised people
o Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics
- Triple or quadruple therapy
- Isoniazid, clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin
- Tends to come back several years later

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11
Q

mycoplasmosis mainly an issue in what birds? what does it cause? mainly what agent?
what other birds is it found in?

A

Mainly an issue in backyard chickens and passerines
o Current epizootie in house finches and gold finches
o Sinusitis
o Mycoplasma gallisepticum
<><>
* Commensal organism in most other species, in particular raptors

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12
Q

mycoplasmosis Dx

A

o PCR on lesions, sinus flush
o Culture but slow growing

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13
Q

clostridiosis in raptors
- symptoms
- causes
- Dx
- Tx

A
  • Issue in raptors
    o Sudden death, necrotic enteritis
    o Associated with food, thawing process
    o Toxin-producing organisms - Clostridium perfringens
    o Fecal cytology → safety pin appearance
    o Treatment: hypovolemic shock, fluids,
    metronidazole
    <><><>
  • Also big issue in chickens (C. perfringens) and quails (C. colinum)
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14
Q

clostridiosis - botulism
- mechanism of action, outcomes
- who is affected?
- environmental associations

A

o Toxin produced by C.
botulinum
- Prevents acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction
- Ascending flaccid paralysis
o Wild water birds, mainly anseriformes
o Associated with changes in water temperature
o Self-amplifying cycle with maggots

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15
Q

salmonellosis is mainly an issue in what birds? outcomes? Dx?

A
  • Mainly in passerines (especially at bird feeders)
    o Septicemia
    o Clean feeder and stop feeding
    the birds for a while
    <><>
  • Also in raptors fed birds and rodents
    o Enteritis
    <><>
  • And also in pigeons
    o Salmonella copenhagen
    o Causes arthritis
    <><>
  • Culture needs enrichment,
    must specifically look for it
  • Zoonosis
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16
Q

avian cholera
- agent
- aquatic birds signs
- chickens signs

A

Pasteurella multocida
o In aquatic birds: die-off
o In chickens (Fowl cholera): from chronic (swollen wattles, decreased egg production) to acute (sudden death)
o Systemic disease

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17
Q

systemic/ internal infections in birds are often caused by what bacteria?

A

Systemic/internal infections often caused by gram- bacteria
o E. coli (especially passerines)
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa
o Klebsiella spp.

18
Q

what gram + bacteria are of clinical importance in birds and why?

A

Gram+ of clinical importance
o Staphyloccocus aureus
- Sepsis, bumblefoot, skin infections
o Streptococcus spp.

19
Q

poxvirus (wet form) affects what body system?

A

respiratory

20
Q

pacheo’s (PHV1) affects what body system?

21
Q

psittacine circovirus affects what body systems?

A

immune, integument

22
Q

poxvirus (dry form) affects what body system?

A

integument

23
Q

polyomavirus affects what body systems?

A

liver, integument

24
Q

avian bornavirus affects what body systems?

25
west nile virus affects what body systems?
CNS
26
psittacine circovirus - agent of what disease? - DNA or RNA? size? - environmental survival? - excretion?
o Agent of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) o DNA virus * Very small virus * Extremely resistant in environment * Excreted through feather dander
27
what animals are susceptible to psittacien circovirus?
o Mainly **old world parrots** (cockatoos, African species) o Also new world species, but much more resistant o Cockatiel tends to be resistant, so rare o Mainly **young** birds < 1 year old
28
psittacine circovirus clinical signs
o Babies: beak dystrophy necrosis (mainly in cockatoos) o Feather dystrophies, loss - African greys do not tend to lose feathers o Immunosuppression - Secondary infections common ▪ Aspergillosis ▪ Candidiasis ▪ Opportunistic bacterial infections ▪ Frequent co-infection with polyomavirus
29
what type of bird tends not to lose feathers from psittacine circovirus?
African greys
30
psittacine circovirus Dx, Tx
* Diagnosis o CBC: pancytopenia, usually severe o PCR - Blood: confirmatory, most birds are actively viremic when sick - Feathers: chronic carrier, disease o Histopathology: bursal atrophy, inclusions not common * No effective treatment
31
avian polyomavirus - agent of what disease? - who is susceptible?
* “Budgerigar fledgling disease”, psittacine polyomaviral disease <><><> * Susceptible individuals o **Nestlings** o Adults are carriers o Mainly a problem in aviculture setting
32
avian polyomavirus clinical signs and lesions
o Feather loss and dystrophy o Subcutaneous hemorrhage o Renal disease o Hepatitis o Systemic disease, sudden death o Surviving nestlings may be poor doer and develop chronic ascites
33
Avian Polyomavirus Dx, Tx
* Diagnosis o PCR on blood or cloacal swab (DNA virus) o Serology - Persistently positive o Histopathology <><> * No effective treatment o A vaccine is available
34
* Psittacid herpesvirus 1 - what type of herpesvirus? - causes what diseases?
o 4 genotypes, alphaherpesviruses, DNA o Pacheco’s disease: acute liver necrosis o Internal papillomatosis: chronic cloacal papillomas
35
Avian Herpesviruses Pacheco's disease - mortality - lesions - surviors and shedding - species affected - carriers?
o High mortality rate o **Hepatic necrosis** o Survivors are persistently infected - May start shedding again when stressed o **Amazon parrots** are frequently affected o Conures implicated as potential carriers
36
Pcheco's disease Dx, Tx
* Diagnosis o PCR on oral-cloacal swabs o Histopathology (large inclusions) <><> * Treatment o Outbreak may be managed with acyclovir
37
Avian Herpesviruses * Internal papillomatosis - what species affected? - lesions - Tx - sequelae
o Mainly **Amazon parrots and some macaws** o Lesions on latently infected birds o **Cloacal papillomas** in proctodeum o No treatment except surgical excision of papillomas o Birds may develop bile duct and pancreatic duct carcinomas later on
38
Internal papillomatosis Dx
o Histopathology o PCR on tissues o Cloacoscopy
39
avipoxvirus - size, genome - caldes - species specificity? - immunity? - environmental survival - transmission - cells affected
* Large DNA viruses o Two main clades: ✓ Fowlpox ✓ Canarypox o Mild species specificity o Cross-immunity o Very resistant in environment o Transmitted by arthropods or fomites o Affects epithelium
40
avipoxvirus forms - who do they affect? - lesions? outcomes?
* Cutaneous “dry” form o Most birds - Mainly seen in **chicken and raptors** o Lesions on unfeathered areas - Face and feet - Frequent concurrent bacterial contamination <><><> * Diphteric “wet” form o Mucous membranes - Trachea - Conjunctiva and eyelids <><><> * Systemic form o Acute death, high mortality o Mainly seen in **canaries**
41
avipoxvirus Dx
o Biopsy of lesions (ICIB = Bollinger bodies) o PCR of lesions
42
Avipoxvirus Tx
o Cutaneous form is self- limiting o Treat secondary infections - Antibiotics, foot baths o Vaccines