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3. Comparative > Bird 9 > Flashcards

Bird 9 Flashcards

1
Q

avian chlamydiosis
- agent, type
- agent developmental forms
- transmission
- what birds are susceptible

A

Chlamydia psittaci
o Small obligate intracellular bacteria
o Biphasic development (elementary and reticulate bodies)
o Transmission: fecal-oral, aerosol, secretions
o All birds are susceptible
- In pet birds, cockatiels and budgerigars are the most commonly infected
<><><>
- reticulate bodies replicate in cells
- elementary bodies infect new cells

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2
Q

avian chlamydiosis clinical signs

A

o Multisystemic with a tropism for respiratory system and liver
o Rhinitis, conjunctivitis in mild cases (pigeons, cockatiels)

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3
Q

avian chlamysiosis zoonotic risk
- where do most human infections come from?
- signs in humans?
- should we tell someone?

A

Zoonosis (only important one)
o Most human cases come from exposures to urban pigeons
and other carriers
o Parrots can definitely transmit disease to humans o Atypical pneumonia in humans
o NOTIFIABLE

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4
Q

avian chlamydiosis Dx

A

o PCR on oro-choanal-cloacal swab
o Serology: EBA (elementary body agglutination), ELISA
o Culture
o Cytology and histopathology
- Inclusions on HE
- Special stains: Gimenez or Macchiavello
o Blood work: non specific but important
- Marked inflammatory leucogram (heterophilic and/or
monocytic leucocytosis)
- May see liver involvement (elevation in liver enzymes and bile acids)

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5
Q

avian chlamydiosis Tx

A

o Antibiotic with intracellular distribution
- Older tetracyclines
- Doxycycline (drug of choice)
- Azithromycin
o Recommended length of treatment (20 to 45 days)
o For flocks of budgerigars
- Incorporate drug into food (medicated feed)
o For flocks of cockatiels
- Incorporate drug into water (doxycycline)

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6
Q

what agents can cause avian mycobacteriosis?
which are most common in pet birds?
zoonotic potential?

A

o M. avian-intracellulare complex
- M. avium avium
- Low zoonotic potential
<><>
o M. genavense
- Low zoonotic potential
- Most common in pet birds
<><>
o M. tuberculosis and M. bovis
- Typically reverse zoonosis

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7
Q

mycobacteria characteristics
- what type of organisms?
- who do they cause problems in
- species affected
- stain?

A
  • Saprophytic organisms
  • Immunocompromised individuals - All species are susceptible
  • all are acid fast organisms
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8
Q

avian mycobaacteriosis clinical signs

A

o Chronic weight loss, emaciation
o Gastrointestinal/liver
o Less commonly respiratory signs

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9
Q

avian mycobacteriosis diagnosis

A

o PCR on biopsied tissues
o Histopathology
- Acid-fast stain
o Cytology
- “Ghost” organisms (does not pick up stain)
o Culture
- Very slow growing (M. genavense may take 6 months!!)

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10
Q

avian mycobacteriosis treatment

A

o Euthanasia when too advanced
o Lots of people recommend euthanasia because of zoonotic risk, but never been documented
- Very low probability
- Still a risk in immunocompromised people
o Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics
- Triple or quadruple therapy
- Isoniazid, clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin
- Tends to come back several years later

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11
Q

mycoplasmosis mainly an issue in what birds? what does it cause? mainly what agent?
what other birds is it found in?

A

Mainly an issue in backyard chickens and passerines
o Current epizootie in house finches and gold finches
o Sinusitis
o Mycoplasma gallisepticum
<><>
* Commensal organism in most other species, in particular raptors

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12
Q

mycoplasmosis Dx

A

o PCR on lesions, sinus flush
o Culture but slow growing

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13
Q

clostridiosis in raptors
- symptoms
- causes
- Dx
- Tx

A
  • Issue in raptors
    o Sudden death, necrotic enteritis
    o Associated with food, thawing process
    o Toxin-producing organisms - Clostridium perfringens
    o Fecal cytology → safety pin appearance
    o Treatment: hypovolemic shock, fluids,
    metronidazole
    <><><>
  • Also big issue in chickens (C. perfringens) and quails (C. colinum)
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14
Q

clostridiosis - botulism
- mechanism of action, outcomes
- who is affected?
- environmental associations

A

o Toxin produced by C.
botulinum
- Prevents acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction
- Ascending flaccid paralysis
o Wild water birds, mainly anseriformes
o Associated with changes in water temperature
o Self-amplifying cycle with maggots

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15
Q

salmonellosis is mainly an issue in what birds? outcomes? Dx?

A
  • Mainly in passerines (especially at bird feeders)
    o Septicemia
    o Clean feeder and stop feeding
    the birds for a while
    <><>
  • Also in raptors fed birds and rodents
    o Enteritis
    <><>
  • And also in pigeons
    o Salmonella copenhagen
    o Causes arthritis
    <><>
  • Culture needs enrichment,
    must specifically look for it
  • Zoonosis
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16
Q

avian cholera
- agent
- aquatic birds signs
- chickens signs

A

Pasteurella multocida
o In aquatic birds: die-off
o In chickens (Fowl cholera): from chronic (swollen wattles, decreased egg production) to acute (sudden death)
o Systemic disease

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17
Q

systemic/ internal infections in birds are often caused by what bacteria?

A

Systemic/internal infections often caused by gram- bacteria
o E. coli (especially passerines)
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa
o Klebsiella spp.

18
Q

what gram + bacteria are of clinical importance in birds and why?

A

Gram+ of clinical importance
o Staphyloccocus aureus
- Sepsis, bumblefoot, skin infections
o Streptococcus spp.

19
Q

poxvirus (wet form) affects what body system?

A

respiratory

20
Q

pacheo’s (PHV1) affects what body system?

A

liver

21
Q

psittacine circovirus affects what body systems?

A

immune, integument

22
Q

poxvirus (dry form) affects what body system?

A

integument

23
Q

polyomavirus affects what body systems?

A

liver, integument

24
Q

avian bornavirus affects what body systems?

A

GI, CNA

25
Q

west nile virus affects what body systems?

A

CNS

26
Q

psittacine circovirus
- agent of what disease?
- DNA or RNA? size?
- environmental survival?
- excretion?

A

o Agent of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)
o DNA virus
* Very small virus
* Extremely resistant in environment
* Excreted through feather dander

27
Q

what animals are susceptible to psittacien circovirus?

A

o Mainly old world parrots (cockatoos, African species)
o Also new world species, but much more resistant
o Cockatiel tends to be resistant, so rare
o Mainly young birds < 1 year old

28
Q

psittacine circovirus clinical signs

A

o Babies: beak dystrophy necrosis
(mainly in cockatoos)
o Feather dystrophies, loss
- African greys do not tend to lose feathers
o Immunosuppression
- Secondary infections common
▪ Aspergillosis
▪ Candidiasis
▪ Opportunistic bacterial infections
▪ Frequent co-infection with polyomavirus

29
Q

what type of bird tends not to lose feathers from psittacine circovirus?

A

African greys

30
Q

psittacine circovirus Dx, Tx

A
  • Diagnosis
    o CBC: pancytopenia, usually severe
    o PCR
  • Blood: confirmatory, most birds are actively viremic when sick
  • Feathers: chronic carrier, disease
    o Histopathology: bursal atrophy, inclusions not common
  • No effective treatment
31
Q

avian polyomavirus
- agent of what disease?
- who is susceptible?

A
  • “Budgerigar fledgling disease”, psittacine polyomaviral disease
    <><><>
  • Susceptible individuals
    o Nestlings
    o Adults are carriers
    o Mainly a problem in aviculture setting
32
Q

avian polyomavirus clinical signs and lesions

A

o Feather loss and dystrophy
o Subcutaneous hemorrhage
o Renal disease
o Hepatitis
o Systemic disease, sudden death
o Surviving nestlings may be poor doer and develop chronic ascites

33
Q

Avian Polyomavirus Dx, Tx

A
  • Diagnosis
    o PCR on blood or cloacal swab
    (DNA virus)
    o Serology
  • Persistently positive
    o Histopathology
    <><>
  • No effective treatment
    o A vaccine is available
34
Q
  • Psittacid herpesvirus 1
  • what type of herpesvirus?
  • causes what diseases?
A

o 4 genotypes, alphaherpesviruses, DNA
o Pacheco’s disease: acute liver necrosis
o Internal papillomatosis: chronic cloacal papillomas

35
Q

Avian Herpesviruses
Pacheco’s disease
- mortality
- lesions
- surviors and shedding
- species affected
- carriers?

A

o High mortality rate
o Hepatic necrosis
o Survivors are persistently infected
- May start shedding again when stressed
o Amazon parrots are frequently affected
o Conures implicated as potential carriers

36
Q

Pcheco’s disease Dx, Tx

A
  • Diagnosis
    o PCR on oral-cloacal swabs
    o Histopathology (large inclusions)
    <><>
  • Treatment
    o Outbreak may be managed with acyclovir
37
Q

Avian Herpesviruses
* Internal papillomatosis
- what species affected?
- lesions
- Tx
- sequelae

A

o Mainly Amazon parrots and
some macaws
o Lesions on latently infected
birds
o Cloacal papillomas in proctodeum
o No treatment except surgical excision of papillomas
o Birds may develop bile duct and pancreatic duct carcinomas later on

38
Q

Internal papillomatosis Dx

A

o Histopathology
o PCR on tissues
o Cloacoscopy

39
Q

avipoxvirus
- size, genome
- caldes
- species specificity?
- immunity?
- environmental survival
- transmission
- cells affected

A
  • Large DNA viruses
    o Two main clades:
    ✓ Fowlpox
    ✓ Canarypox
    o Mild species specificity
    o Cross-immunity
    o Very resistant in environment
    o Transmitted by arthropods or fomites
    o Affects epithelium
40
Q

avipoxvirus forms
- who do they affect?
- lesions? outcomes?

A
  • Cutaneous “dry” form
    o Most birds
  • Mainly seen in chicken and raptors
    o Lesions on unfeathered areas
  • Face and feet
  • Frequent concurrent bacterial contamination

<><><>

  • Diphteric “wet” form
    o Mucous membranes
  • Trachea
  • Conjunctiva and eyelids

<><><>

  • Systemic form
    o Acute death, high mortality
    o Mainly seen in canaries
41
Q

avipoxvirus Dx

A

o Biopsy of lesions (ICIB =
Bollinger bodies)
o PCR of lesions

42
Q

Avipoxvirus Tx

A

o Cutaneous form is self-
limiting
o Treat secondary infections
- Antibiotics, foot baths
o Vaccines

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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