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3. Comparative > Bird 10 > Flashcards

Bird 10 Flashcards

1
Q

common non-infectious diseases of the integument

A
  • Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
    <><>
  • Other feather issues
    o Stress bars
    o Blood feather damage (growing)
    o Polyfolliculitis
    o Feather cysts
    <><>
  • Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
    <><>
  • Skin masses
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2
Q

Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
- causes?

A

o Multifactorial
o 2 main causes
- Psychogenic
- Skin hypersensitivity
o Lots of other medical causes
- Viral, bacterial, fungal
dermatitis
- Focal pain

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3
Q

Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
- diagnostic workup

A

o Assess behavior
- Captive set up
- Stressors
- Reinforcers for picking
behavior
<><>
o Exclude medical causes
- CBC/Biochemistry
- Radiographs/CT
- Skin biopsies
 1 behind head (control skin)  1-3 on affected areas

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4
Q

Treatment – psychogenic FDB

A

o Improve environment
- Foraging
- Limit stressors
- Decrease reinforcement
<><>
o Psychopharmacologicdrugs
- Clomipramine (TCA), paroxetine (SSRI)
- Slow onset of action (weeks)
<><>
o Hormonal implant
- Deslorelin

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5
Q

cause of feather stress bars

A
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Dystrophy due to concurrent diseases
  • Hormonal issues
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6
Q

what to do if we see blood feather damage?

A
  • Remove feather
  • If broken inside follicle, incise follicle, remove feather sheath, close follicle)
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7
Q

what is polyfolliculitis?

A
  • Several feathers coming out of a single follicle (small birds)
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8
Q

what are feather cysts? mainly seen in what species?

A
  • Keratin-filled cyst, seen mainly in canaries
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9
Q

Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
- etiology
- mainly what species?
- species specific syndromes?

A

o Similar etiology than FDB
o Mainly cockatoos
- Especially on the keel
o Some species syndrome
- Lovebird mutilation syndrome > Shoulders
- Quaker mutilation syndrome > Legs

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10
Q

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) treatment

A

o Same as FDB
o Antibiotics for wound
o Wound care
o E-collar

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11
Q

skin masses we commonly see in birds? where?

A

o Lipomas
- Very common
o Xanthomas
- Wingtips
o Squamous cell carcinoma
- Head
- Uropygial gland
o Soft tissue sarcomas

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12
Q

GI system common non-infectious avian diseases

A
  • Beak malocclusion
  • Beak trauma
  • Hypovitaminosis A
  • Crop burns
  • Foreign bodies
  • Cloacal prolapse
  • Neoplasia
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13
Q

types of beak malocclusion and how we can help

A

o Scissor beak
- Transfrontal pin
- Mandibular ramp
<><>
o Mandibular prognathism
- Upper beak extension
<><>
o Other malocclusion, older birds, ramphothecal elongation
o Corrective beak trimming

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14
Q

Hypovitaminosis A
- how does it arise
- outcomes?
- Tx

A

o Seeds are deficient
o Squamous metaplasia on epithelium
- oral cavity, choana, sinuses, uropygial gland)
o Also:
- Depressed immune system
- May affect other organs: kidneys, respiratory
o Supplement with vit. A

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15
Q

Crop burns
- cause
- Tx

A

o Caused by hot spots in food
- Either too hot or microwaved
o Supportive care and assisted feeding until necrotic margins are known (2 weeks)
o Crop repair

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16
Q

Foreign bodies
- are they common in birds?
- what kinds of birds
- which are most problematic

A

o Uncommon
o More common in cockatoos, baby birds, and small birds (fiber toys)
o Metallic FB may cause toxicities

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17
Q

Cloacal prolapse
- when it occurs?
- causes?
- common in what species?

A

o Following egg laying
o Cloacitis
o Straining
o Idiopathic
- Umbrella cockatoos
- African grey parrots

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18
Q

Cloacal prolapse - Treatment, acute and chronic

A

o Acute treatment
- Two temporary transverse sutures
- NSAIDs
- Antibiotics (amoxicillin)
- Hormone treatment (deslorelin implant)
<><>
o Chronic (idiopathic)
- Cloacoplasty
- Stainless steel transverse sutures

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19
Q

Neoplasias of the GI system in birds

A

o Proventricular adenocarcinoma
- Especially budgerigars
o Lymphoma/round cell tumours
o Squamous cell carcinoma - Crop/esophagus

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20
Q

common non-infectious conditions of the liver in birds

A
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Iron storage disease
  • Neoplasia
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21
Q

Hepatic lipidosis in birds
- pathophysiology, cause
- species susceptible?
- Dx
- Tx

A

o Different pathophysiology than cats (not anorexia on
obese animals)
o Mainly dietary
o Quaker parrots, Amazon parrots
o Elevation in liver parameters in advanced cases
<><>
Treatment
o Diet and lifestyle changes
o Liver protectant
- S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe)
- Silimaryn

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22
Q

Iron storage disease in birds
- how it affects the liver, different forms
- what species?

A

o Hemosiderosis: increased iron in liver
o Hemochromatosis: pathologic changes in liver
o Dietary disease in iron sensitive species
- Mynah, starlings and affiliated
- Birds of paradise
- Toucans
- Some parrots (lorikeets)
- Lots of frugivorous species

23
Q

iron storage disease Dx in birds

A

o Liver parameters
- Also associated with diabetes mellitus
o TIBC, Fe, Transferrin not useful
o Hepatic biopsy

24
Q

iron storage disease treatment and prevention in birds

A
  • Treatment
    o Periodic phlebotomy
    o Chelating agents
  • Deferiprone (PO)
  • Deferoxamine (IM)
    <><>
  • Prevention
    o Low iron diet in iron sensitive species
25
Q

liver neoplasias we see in birds

A

o Typically
metastasis
o Lymphoma, round cell tumour
o Bile duct carcinoma
- Associated with
herpesvirus

26
Q

non-infectious conditions of the cardiovascular system in birds

A
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Atherosclerosis
27
Q

Congestive heart failure common causes, clinical signs, Dx

A

o Common causes
- Valvular insufficiency
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Atherosclerotic disease
- Ascites syndrome (chickens)
- Valvular endocarditis
<><>
o Clinical signs
- Murmur
- Frequently ascites
- Dyspnea
<><>
* Transcoelomic echocardiography

28
Q

atherosclerosis in birds
- what is it?
- risk factors, species
- signs

A
  • Atherosclerosis
    o Fat accumulation in arteries
    o Large arteries at heart base
    <><>
  • Risk factors
    o Africangreys, Amazons, Cockatiels,
    falcons
    o Age
    o Female sex (in most species)
    <><>
  • Signs
    o Acute death
    o Dyspnea
    o Neurological signs
    o Cardiovascular signs
29
Q

non-infectious conditions of the neurological system in birds

A
  • Seizures
  • Toxins
  • Spinal disease
30
Q

Seizures–non-infectious causes in birds

A

o Lead toxicosis
o Stroke (atherosclerosis)
o Trauma
o Metabolic [calcium (African greys), glucose]
o Brain neoplasia
o Idiopathic

31
Q

Seizures – infectious causes in birds

A

o Avian bornavirus(parrots)
o West nile virus (raptors)

32
Q

neurotoxins in birds

A

o **Lead
- Diagnosis: radiographs, lead levels
- Treatment: Ca-EDTA
o Zinc
o Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
- Organophosphates
- Carbamates (carbofuran)

33
Q

common spinal diseases in birds

A

o Discospondylitis
vs. trauma
o Junction notarium- synsacrum

34
Q

non-infectious respiratory system issues in birds

A
  • Air sac rupture
  • Tracheal diseases
  • Airborne toxins
  • Extra-respiratory diseases
35
Q

air sac rupture in birds
- typically where?
- why?
- Tx

A

o Typically on head
- Cervicocephalic diverticulum (sinus)
o Trauma in most cases
o Treatment
- Air aspiration
- Surgical stoma
- Stent

36
Q

common non-infectious tracheal issues in birds

A

o Foreign bodies
- Millet seed in small birds
o Post-intubation tracheal stenosis
o Tracheal trauma

37
Q

Airborne toxins that affect birds, and Tx

A

o Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
- Overheated non-stick cookware
- Acute dyspnea
- Pulmonary congestion
o Cigarette
o Air freshener
o Candles…
<><><>
* Treatment
o Oxygen therapy
o NSAIDs
o Antifungals

38
Q

Extra-respiratory diseases in birds - what can cause issues?

A

o Anything reducing air sac space
- Ascites
- Organomegaly
- Coelomic masses
- Obesity
<><>
o Anything pressing on trachea and syrinx
- Mass in thoracic inlet
 Thyroid
 Coracoid boney callus
 Soft tissue sarcoma

39
Q

Macaw asthma - what is it?

A
  • Reaction to feather dander of African greys and cockatoos (including cockatiels)
40
Q

Aspiration pneumonia common in what birds

A
  • Very common in handfed chicks
41
Q

neoplasias common in avian resp system

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Pulmonary carcinoma
  • Cockatiel cranial respiratory tumours
42
Q

Common non-infectious diseases of avian renal system

A

o Urate nephrosis
o Interstitial nephritis / fibrosis

43
Q

non-infectious renal diseases in birds
- everything leads to what? what kinds?
- Dx?
- Tx?

A

Everything leads to gout
o Precipitation of uric acid
- Chronic > articular gout
- Acute > visceral gout
<><>
* Diagnosis
o White tophi under skin
o Cytology
- Polarizing crystals
o Biochemistry: high uric acid
<><>
* Treatment
o Typically die quickly
o Fluids

44
Q

Dystocia (egg binding) causes?
what we see on X-ray?

A

o Causes
- First egg
- Calcium, nutritional deficiency
- Disease of the oviduct, ovary, cloaca
- Misshaped eggs
<><>
o Xray to check
- Shell (calcified, intact,
shape)
- Presence of several eggs
- Oviposition

45
Q

Dystocia (egg binding)
- treatments

A
  • Medical FIRST
     Incubator
     Fluids
     Supplemental calcium (SC 200 mg/kg ca-gluconate diluted in fluids)
     No NSAIDS, but ok for opioids
    <><>
  • Surgical
     If declining, not passing egg after 24-48h
     Per-cloacal ovocentesis
     Cesarean section
46
Q

o Reproductive-associated ascites or coelomic fluid can be due to:

A
  • Egg yolk coelomitis
  • Cystic right oviduct
  • Ovarian cyst
  • Ovarian neoplasia (chickens, cockatiels)
47
Q

common non-infectious reproductive system issues in birds

A

o Dystocia (egg binding)
o Reproductive-associated ascites or coelomic fluid
o Chronice gg laying
o Oviductal diseases

48
Q

non-infectious oviductal diseases in birds

A
  • Salpingitis (very common in chickens)
  • Oviductal impaction, torsion or prolapse
49
Q

Hormonal treatments for non-infectious reproductive system issues in birds

A

o Leuprolide acetate injection
o Deslorelin implant
o Avoid steroid based hormones

50
Q

Most common “nutritional” diseases

A

 Hypovitaminosis A (seed-based diet)
 Hepatic lipidosis (Amazon, Quaker)
 Atherosclerosis (multifactorial)

51
Q

Most common toxicities in pet birds

A

 Lead - neurological signs
 Airborne toxins (esp. PTFE) - respiratory signs

52
Q

gout in birds, general cause and forms

A

 Due to hyperuricemia
 Articular (chronic) and visceral (acute)

53
Q

dystocia in birds
- order of treatment options

A

 Medical THEN surgical treatment

3. Comparative (23 decks)

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