Bird 10 Flashcards

1
Q

common non-infectious diseases of the integument

A
  • Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
    <><>
  • Other feather issues
    o Stress bars
    o Blood feather damage (growing)
    o Polyfolliculitis
    o Feather cysts
    <><>
  • Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
    <><>
  • Skin masses
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2
Q

Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
- causes?

A

o Multifactorial
o 2 main causes
- Psychogenic
- Skin hypersensitivity
o Lots of other medical causes
- Viral, bacterial, fungal
dermatitis
- Focal pain

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3
Q

Feather Damaging Behavior (FDB=Feather picking)
- diagnostic workup

A

o Assess behavior
- Captive set up
- Stressors
- Reinforcers for picking
behavior
<><>
o Exclude medical causes
- CBC/Biochemistry
- Radiographs/CT
- Skin biopsies
 1 behind head (control skin)  1-3 on affected areas

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4
Q

Treatment – psychogenic FDB

A

o Improve environment
- Foraging
- Limit stressors
- Decrease reinforcement
<><>
o Psychopharmacologicdrugs
- Clomipramine (TCA), paroxetine (SSRI)
- Slow onset of action (weeks)
<><>
o Hormonal implant
- Deslorelin

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5
Q

cause of feather stress bars

A
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Dystrophy due to concurrent diseases
  • Hormonal issues
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6
Q

what to do if we see blood feather damage?

A
  • Remove feather
  • If broken inside follicle, incise follicle, remove feather sheath, close follicle)
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7
Q

what is polyfolliculitis?

A
  • Several feathers coming out of a single follicle (small birds)
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8
Q

what are feather cysts? mainly seen in what species?

A
  • Keratin-filled cyst, seen mainly in canaries
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9
Q

Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
- etiology
- mainly what species?
- species specific syndromes?

A

o Similar etiology than FDB
o Mainly cockatoos
- Especially on the keel
o Some species syndrome
- Lovebird mutilation syndrome > Shoulders
- Quaker mutilation syndrome > Legs

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10
Q

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) treatment

A

o Same as FDB
o Antibiotics for wound
o Wound care
o E-collar

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11
Q

skin masses we commonly see in birds? where?

A

o Lipomas
- Very common
o Xanthomas
- Wingtips
o Squamous cell carcinoma
- Head
- Uropygial gland
o Soft tissue sarcomas

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12
Q

GI system common non-infectious avian diseases

A
  • Beak malocclusion
  • Beak trauma
  • Hypovitaminosis A
  • Crop burns
  • Foreign bodies
  • Cloacal prolapse
  • Neoplasia
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13
Q

types of beak malocclusion and how we can help

A

o Scissor beak
- Transfrontal pin
- Mandibular ramp
<><>
o Mandibular prognathism
- Upper beak extension
<><>
o Other malocclusion, older birds, ramphothecal elongation
o Corrective beak trimming

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14
Q

Hypovitaminosis A
- how does it arise
- outcomes?
- Tx

A

o Seeds are deficient
o Squamous metaplasia on epithelium
- oral cavity, choana, sinuses, uropygial gland)
o Also:
- Depressed immune system
- May affect other organs: kidneys, respiratory
o Supplement with vit. A

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15
Q

Crop burns
- cause
- Tx

A

o Caused by hot spots in food
- Either too hot or microwaved
o Supportive care and assisted feeding until necrotic margins are known (2 weeks)
o Crop repair

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16
Q

Foreign bodies
- are they common in birds?
- what kinds of birds
- which are most problematic

A

o Uncommon
o More common in cockatoos, baby birds, and small birds (fiber toys)
o Metallic FB may cause toxicities

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17
Q

Cloacal prolapse
- when it occurs?
- causes?
- common in what species?

A

o Following egg laying
o Cloacitis
o Straining
o Idiopathic
- Umbrella cockatoos
- African grey parrots

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18
Q

Cloacal prolapse - Treatment, acute and chronic

A

o Acute treatment
- Two temporary transverse sutures
- NSAIDs
- Antibiotics (amoxicillin)
- Hormone treatment (deslorelin implant)
<><>
o Chronic (idiopathic)
- Cloacoplasty
- Stainless steel transverse sutures

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19
Q

Neoplasias of the GI system in birds

A

o Proventricular adenocarcinoma
- Especially budgerigars
o Lymphoma/round cell tumours
o Squamous cell carcinoma - Crop/esophagus

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20
Q

common non-infectious conditions of the liver in birds

A
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Iron storage disease
  • Neoplasia
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21
Q

Hepatic lipidosis in birds
- pathophysiology, cause
- species susceptible?
- Dx
- Tx

A

o Different pathophysiology than cats (not anorexia on
obese animals)
o Mainly dietary
o Quaker parrots, Amazon parrots
o Elevation in liver parameters in advanced cases
<><>
Treatment
o Diet and lifestyle changes
o Liver protectant
- S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe)
- Silimaryn

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22
Q

Iron storage disease in birds
- how it affects the liver, different forms
- what species?

A

o Hemosiderosis: increased iron in liver
o Hemochromatosis: pathologic changes in liver
o Dietary disease in iron sensitive species
- Mynah, starlings and affiliated
- Birds of paradise
- Toucans
- Some parrots (lorikeets)
- Lots of frugivorous species

23
Q

iron storage disease Dx in birds

A

o Liver parameters
- Also associated with diabetes mellitus
o TIBC, Fe, Transferrin not useful
o Hepatic biopsy

24
Q

iron storage disease treatment and prevention in birds

A
  • Treatment
    o Periodic phlebotomy
    o Chelating agents
  • Deferiprone (PO)
  • Deferoxamine (IM)
    <><>
  • Prevention
    o Low iron diet in iron sensitive species
25
liver neoplasias we see in birds
o Typically metastasis o Lymphoma, round cell tumour o Bile duct carcinoma - Associated with herpesvirus
26
non-infectious conditions of the cardiovascular system in birds
* Congestive heart failure * Atherosclerosis
27
Congestive heart failure common causes, clinical signs, Dx
o Common causes - Valvular insufficiency - Dilated cardiomyopathy - Atherosclerotic disease - Ascites syndrome (chickens) - Valvular endocarditis <><> o Clinical signs - Murmur - Frequently ascites - Dyspnea <><> * Transcoelomic echocardiography
28
atherosclerosis in birds - what is it? - risk factors, species - signs
* Atherosclerosis o Fat accumulation in arteries o Large arteries at heart base <><> * Risk factors o Africangreys, Amazons, Cockatiels, falcons o Age o Female sex (in most species) <><> * Signs o Acute death o Dyspnea o Neurological signs o Cardiovascular signs
29
non-infectious conditions of the neurological system in birds
* Seizures * Toxins * Spinal disease
30
Seizures–non-infectious causes in birds
o **Lead toxicosis** o Stroke (atherosclerosis) o Trauma o Metabolic [calcium (**African greys**), glucose] o Brain neoplasia o Idiopathic
31
Seizures – infectious causes in birds
o **Avian bornavirus**(parrots) o West nile virus (raptors)
32
neurotoxins in birds
o **Lead - Diagnosis: radiographs, lead levels - Treatment: Ca-EDTA o Zinc o Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors - Organophosphates - Carbamates (carbofuran)
33
common spinal diseases in birds
o Discospondylitis vs. trauma o Junction notarium- synsacrum
34
non-infectious respiratory system issues in birds
* Air sac rupture * Tracheal diseases * Airborne toxins * Extra-respiratory diseases
35
air sac rupture in birds - typically where? - why? - Tx
o Typically on head - Cervicocephalic diverticulum (sinus) o Trauma in most cases o Treatment - Air aspiration - Surgical stoma - Stent
36
common non-infectious tracheal issues in birds
o Foreign bodies - Millet seed in small birds o Post-intubation tracheal stenosis o Tracheal trauma
37
Airborne toxins that affect birds, and Tx
o Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - Overheated non-stick cookware - Acute dyspnea - Pulmonary congestion o Cigarette o Air freshener o Candles... <><><> * Treatment o Oxygen therapy o NSAIDs o Antifungals
38
Extra-respiratory diseases in birds - what can cause issues?
o Anything reducing air sac space - Ascites - Organomegaly - Coelomic masses - Obesity <><> o Anything pressing on trachea and syrinx - Mass in thoracic inlet  Thyroid  Coracoid boney callus  Soft tissue sarcoma
39
Macaw asthma - what is it?
- Reaction to feather dander of African greys and cockatoos (including cockatiels)
40
Aspiration pneumonia common in what birds
- Very common in handfed chicks
41
neoplasias common in avian resp system
- Squamous cell carcinoma - Pulmonary carcinoma - Cockatiel cranial respiratory tumours
42
Common non-infectious diseases of avian renal system
o Urate nephrosis o Interstitial nephritis / fibrosis
43
non-infectious renal diseases in birds - everything leads to what? what kinds? - Dx? - Tx?
Everything leads to gout o Precipitation of uric acid - Chronic > articular gout - Acute > visceral gout <><> * Diagnosis o White tophi under skin o Cytology - Polarizing crystals o Biochemistry: high uric acid <><> * Treatment o Typically die quickly o Fluids
44
Dystocia (egg binding) causes? what we see on X-ray?
o Causes - First egg - Calcium, nutritional deficiency - Disease of the oviduct, ovary, cloaca - Misshaped eggs <><> o Xray to check - Shell (calcified, intact, shape) - Presence of several eggs - Oviposition
45
Dystocia (egg binding) - treatments
- Medical FIRST  Incubator  Fluids  Supplemental calcium (SC 200 mg/kg ca-gluconate diluted in fluids)  No NSAIDS, but ok for opioids <><> - Surgical  If declining, not passing egg after 24-48h  Per-cloacal ovocentesis  Cesarean section
46
o Reproductive-associated ascites or coelomic fluid can be due to:
- Egg yolk coelomitis - Cystic right oviduct - Ovarian cyst - Ovarian neoplasia (chickens, cockatiels)
47
common non-infectious reproductive system issues in birds
o Dystocia (egg binding) o Reproductive-associated ascites or coelomic fluid o Chronice gg laying o Oviductal diseases
48
non-infectious oviductal diseases in birds
- Salpingitis (very common in chickens) - Oviductal impaction, torsion or prolapse
49
Hormonal treatments for non-infectious reproductive system issues in birds
o Leuprolide acetate injection o Deslorelin implant o **Avoid steroid based hormones**
50
Most common “nutritional” diseases
 Hypovitaminosis A (seed-based diet)  Hepatic lipidosis (Amazon, Quaker)  Atherosclerosis (multifactorial)
51
Most common toxicities in pet birds
 Lead - neurological signs  Airborne toxins (esp. PTFE) - respiratory signs
52
gout in birds, general cause and forms
 Due to hyperuricemia  Articular (chronic) and visceral (acute)
53
dystocia in birds - order of treatment options
 Medical THEN surgical treatment