Bird 5 Flashcards
Most frequent imaging modality and diagnostic test in birds
radiography
radiography considerations in birds
- High respiratory rate, small size
- Increasedcontrastduetoair(negative
contrast) - Generalanesthesiausuallyneeded(except compliant patients)
- Whole-bodyradiographs
- Knowledge of avian radiographic anatomy is
important
o Can not extrapolate from mammals - Anatomic diversity
good positioning for bird radiograph VD
Keel superimposed with vertebral column
bird positioning for lateral radiograph
pull wings back out of the way
- Superimposed acetabula
-Superimposed coracoids
best imaging modality for skull? how to radiograph?
o Better to do a CT
o Otherwise 6 views (2 laterals, VD, skyline, 2 obliques)
best imaging modality for wings
o VD and caudo-cranial
best imaging modality for feet
o Toes spread on the plate
Common Radiographic
Lesions of the Skeleton
coracoid fracture
humerus fracture
luxations (digit, keel)
Avian Mycobacteriosis
Avian Leukosis
Metabolic Bone Disease
Degenerative Joint Disease
how can we see air sacculitis on radiograph?
we see the borders of the air sac
avian heart size on x-ray
- Heart larger than in mammals (especially in falcons)
- Psittacines and hawks:
– Width < 60% of thoracic width on VD * Falcons:
– Width < 70%
when do we want to use CT?
oSkull fractures
oUpper respiratory disease
pros and cons of CT in birds
- Higher resolution than xrays
oAlways better than xray in birds, but
limited availability
oUse contrast (iopamidol 2 ml/kg IV)
oCan visualize in different planes and do 3D reconstruction
limitations of ultrasound in birds
- Difficult in birds
o Lack of ultrasound windows - Because of the keel
- Because of air (air sacs)
type of probe to use for US in birds
- Small probe, high frequency
when to use US in birds
- Easier in disease
o Fluid effusion, masses, organomegaly - Echocardiography
organs that are hard to visualize in birds with US
Some organs are rarely vizualized
o Kidneys
o Gonads (except when big, such as in chickens) o Spleen
use of endoscopy in birds
- Definitive diagnostic test for lots of diseases
- Takes advantage of respiratory anatomy of birds
o Do not need insufflation
o Minimally invasive
o Direct visualization of all abdominal and thoracic organs - Allows targeted biopsies of lesions
common endoscopic approach for birds? other possibilities?
- Left lateral approach
- Other approaches
o Midline - Ventral hepatoperitonea l cavities
o Interclavicular - Interclavicular
air sac
o Cloacoscopy
o Tracheoscopy
CT best option in birds for:
CT best for head/skull, spine/hips, lungs and arterial calcification
type of endoscope for birds
- Buy a 2.7mm 30o endoscope!
Major reason US is of limited use in birds
air sacs
