Bird 9 pt 2 Flashcards
avian bornavirus is the agent of what diseases?
o **Proventricular dilation disease (PDD)
o Neuropathic gastric dilation
o Macaw wasting disease
bornaviral disease in birds
- what body system
- how common in ontario?
o Neurological disease, mainly of the autonomic system
o Involve an immune-mediated process→neuritis
o Very common infection in Ontario
avian bornavirus clinical signs
o Any combination of neurological and gastrointestinal
signs
o Proventricular dilation and undigested seeds
o Chronic weight loss
o Seizures and other neuro signs (common cause of seizures at the OVC)
avian bornavirus Dx?
do all infected birds develop disease?
o PCR on cloacal swab
- Some infected birds never develop the disease, very long incubation
- Intermittent shedding
o Histopathology
- Crop biopsy (sensitivity of about 60%)
- Typical lymphoplasmacytic neuritis
o Large proventriculus on xray
avian bornavirus Tx
o No specific treatment
o Supportive care
o Highly digestible food
o Reduce inflammation/immune reaction
o Treat seizures
West Nile Virus
- agent
- species susceptibility
- Flavivirus, RNA virus
o Arbovirus: Culex spp.
<><> - Species susceptibility
o Passerines
o Raptors
o Corvids
o Other birds too, but less prominent
west nile virus clinical signs and lesions
o Neurological
o Ophthalmic: chorioretinitis
o Myocarditis very common in raptors (especially hawks)
west nile virus diagnosis, treatment
- Diagnosis
o PCR - Viremia is short and precedes clinical signs
- Virus shedding slightly longer in saliva
- On tissues (especially kidneys)
o Paired serology
o Histopathology and IHC
(especially on heart)
<><> - Treatment
o Supportive care
o Meloxicam
Aspergillosis
- type of fungus?
- where found
- type of pathogen
- contagiousness
- Saprophytic fungus
o A. fumigatus, flavus, niger
o Ubiquitous in environment
o Opportunistic pathogens
o Not contagious
aspergillosis
- susceptible species
o Arctic and Northern raptor species
o Some juvenile birds (RTH, golden eagle, duck chicks)
o Penguins
o Some parrots: African grey
o Pelagic birds
aspergillosis risk factors
o Some substrates: hay, straw, corn
o Immune status: neoplasia, circovirus, use of corticosteroids
o Poor ventilation, humid and hot
aspergillosis 3 main forms
o Acute lung form
o Chronic lung-air sac form
o Tracheal/syringeal form
Aspergillosis clinical signs
o Respiratory signs, but not always
o Chronic weight loss and anorexia
o Decreased fitness
aspergillosis diagnosis
o CBC: strong leukocytosis
o Radiographs/CT: opacities in lung/air sac system
o Coelioscopy
> Gold standard
> Take biopsy for cytology and culture the fungus
aspergillosis Tx
o Antifungals
- Triazoles: itraconazole, voriconazole
(not fluconazole)
- Allylamines: terbinafine
- Polyenes: amphotericin B
o Combination of drugs
o Combination of routes (IV, PO, nebulization)
candidiasis
- agent, what is it
- who is susceptible?
- lesions
- Candida albicans
o Saprophytic ubiquitous yeast
<><> - Susceptible individuals
o Juvenile parrots
o Cockatiels
o Immunocompromised birds
<><> - Lesions
o Gastrointestinal - Oral white lesions
- Anywhere else (mainly crop,
stomach)
Candidiasis Dx
o Cytology of mouth, crop swab
or fecal smear
o Normal in low number and when not budding
candidiasis treatment
o Nystatin
- No systemic absorption
- Needs to be in contact with
lesions
- For mild forms
<><>
o Fluconazole
- Systemic absorption
- When infection is severe, start being systemic
Macrorhabdosis
- pathogen
- what is it, who is affected?
- Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
o Previous name Megabacteria
ornithogaster
o Obligate pathogen yeast of small birds
<><> - Susceptible individuals
o **Budgerigars mainly
o Lovebirds
o Parrotlets
o Eclectus parrots
o A lot of passerine birds (especially Gouldian finches)
Macrorhabdosis
- clinical signs, lesions
- Dx
o Proventriculus
o Weight loss (“going light syndrome”)
o Regurgitation, melena
<><>
o Fecal wet mount or stained smear
o Fecal PCR
Macrorhabdosis Tx
o Amphotericin B high dose (100 mg/kg q12h for 4 weeks)
o Sodium benzoate in water for bird colonies
Hematozoon parasites of birds
- Haemoproteus spp.
- Plasmodium spp.
o Avian malaria - Leucocytozoon spp.
Trichomoniasis
- agent
- who is affected? carriers?
- lesions
- Dx
- Tx
- Trichomonas gallinae
o Pigeons, carriers and also susceptible
o Pigeon-eating raptors
o Also chickens and wild passerines
o Oral plaques
<><>
o Diagnosis: fresh wet mount of oral lesions - Look immediately for the motile parasites
- Close diaphragm
<><>
o Treatment - Metronidazole, carnidazole, ronidazole
coccidiosis
- where do they live in the body?
- what types? who they affect?
- Dx
- Tx
- GI parasites, different types, direct lifecycle
o Eimeria - Chickens, pigeons, and other species
o Isospora - Passerines and other species
- Systemic isosporosis (“atoxoplasmosis”), big issue in some passerines
o Caryospora - Raptors (only falcons and owls)
<><> - Diagnosis
o Fecal flotation
<><> - Treatment
o Toltrazuril
Sarcocystis falcatula
- definitive host
- signs in birds: old a new world parrots
o Definitive host: opossum
o Signs
- New world parrots: muscular and neurological signs
- Old world parrots: acute pneumonia
Sarcocystis calchasi
- definitive host?
- signs
o Definitive host: Accipters (e.g.
goshawk)
o Signs
- Neurological (common in pigeons)
mites of birds, who they affect?
o Cnemidocoptes spp.
- C. laevis in budgerigars
- Skin scraping, deep burrows
<><>
o Ornithonyssus sylviarum
- Chicken, wild birds
<><>
o Dermanyssus gallinae
- Chicken, also in environment
main type of lice that affects birds?
o Chewing lice mostly (Mallophaga)
flies that impact birds
o Hippoboscid flat flies (raptors, my carry arboviruses)
o Simuliid black flies
treatment of ectoparasites in birds
- for animal
- for environment
- Treatment of birds
✓ Ivermectin injections
✓ Spot-on (selamectin)
✓ Spray (pyrethrinoids,
permethrin)
<><> - Treatment of environment
✓ Dermanyssus gallinae
✓ Challenging
most importnat endoparasites of birds in:
- GI
- Trachea
- CNS
o GI
- Capillaria spp. (upper GI)
<><>
o Trachea
- Syngamus trachea (earthworms)
<><>
o CNS
- Baylisascaris larva migrans
<><><>
<><><>
<><><>
Full list:
o GI
- Capillaria spp. (upper GI)
- Ascaridia spp. (lower GI)
o Trachea
- Syngamus trachea (earthworms)
- Cyathostoma bronchialis (aquatic invertebrates)
- Tracheal mites (Sternostoma tracheacolum)
o Body cavities, air sacs
- Filariid nematodes
o CNS
- Baylisascaris larva migrans
Endoparasites Dx in birds
o Direct observation, tracheoscopy,
fecal
o Direct examination, flotation, cytology
endoparasites treatment in birds
o Ivermectin
o Fenbendazole
- Toxic in some species
(pigeons)
- Will cause stress bars on the feathers
o Praziquantel
main bacterial disease of birds
✓ Chlamydia psittaci: Zoonosis and reportable
✓ Avian mycobacteriosis: chronic wasting disease
main viral diseases of birds
✓ Psittacine circovirus (PBFD): old-world parrot; young
✓ Psittacine polyomavirus: budgerigar; fledgling
✓ Psittacine herpesvirus (incl. Pacheco disease); hepatic necrosis or internal papillomas
✓ Avian poxviruses: 3 forms (dry, wet, systemic)
✓ Avian bornavirus (PDD): neuro + GI
main fingal disease of birds
✓ Aspergillosis: opportunisitic
