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paper 2 pe > biomechanical movement > Flashcards

biomechanical movement Flashcards

1
Q

angular motion definition

A

involves rotation
movement around a fixed point or axis
occurs when force is applied outside the centre of mass

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2
Q

transvers axis and sporting example

A

runs from side to side across body

e.g somersault rotates in a transverse axis

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3
Q

sagittal axis and sporting example

A

runs from front to back

e.g cartwheel rotates in sagittal axis

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4
Q

longitudinal axis and sporting example

A

runs from top to bottom

e.g multiple spin in ice skating rotates in longitudinal axis

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5
Q

what is a torque

A

turning force

the rotational consequence of a force

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6
Q

ways to increase torque

A

increasing size of force

-applying same force further away from axis of rotation

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7
Q

newtons first law of angular motion

A

a rotating body will continue to turn about its axis of rotation with constant angular momentum unless rotating force (torque) is exerted upon it

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8
Q

newtons first law of angular motion sporting example

A

e.g. ice skater will spin in air and continue to spin until they land on the ice when external force (torque) is exerted from the ice on their skates which changes the angular momentum

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9
Q

newtons second law of angular motion

A

rate of change of angular momentum of a body is proportional to the force (torque) causing it and the change that takes place in the direction in which the force (torque) acts

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10
Q

newtons third law of angular motion

A

when a force (torque) is applied by one body to another, the second body will exert an equal and opposite force (torque) on the body

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11
Q

sporting example of newtons third law of angular motion

A

e.g. goalkeeper tips the ball over the bar, they throw their arms up which causes the lower parts of their legs to go back

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12
Q

scalar quantity

A

measurements are only decribed in terms of size or magnitude

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13
Q

example of scalar quantity measurements

A

mass, distance, speed

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14
Q

vector quantity

A

when measurements are described in terms of size AND direction

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15
Q

example of vector quantity measurements

A

weight, acceleration, displacement, velocity

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16
Q

what is mass

A

quantity of matter the body possesses

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17
Q

how is weight calculated

A

mass(kg) x gravity(9.8)=weight (newtons)

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18
Q

distance definition

A

length of the path a body follows when moving from one position to another

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19
Q

displacement definition

A

shortest route in straight line between the starting and finishing points

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20
Q

is distance a scalar or vector quantity

A

scalar as only measures size

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21
Q

is displacement a scalar or vector quantity

A

vector as measures size and direction

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22
Q

speed definition

A

rate of change of distance

scalar quantity as does not consider direction

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23
Q

how do you calculate speed

A

speed= distance covered (m)divided by time taken (s)

24
Q

velocity definition

A

refers to how fast a body travels in a certain direction

rate of change of displacement

25
Q

velocity calculation

A

displacement divided by time taken

26
Q

acceleration definition

A

rate of change of velocity
when velocity increases, positive acceleration takes place

when velocity decreases, negative acceleration takes place

27
Q

acceleration calculation

A

change in velocity divided by time

28
Q

momentum definition

A

product of mass and velocity of an object

29
Q

projectile motion definition

A

movement of an object or person travelling through the air
in sport, as soon as ball released, becomes a projectile

30
Q

factors affecting the horizontal displacement of a projectile motion

A

speed of release
angle of release
height of release
study tip: HAS

31
Q

angle of release

A

optimum angle of release dependent on landing height and release height

32
Q

what is the optimum angle of release when both landing height and release height are equal

A

optimum angle of release=45 degrees

e.g long jumper

33
Q

what is optimum angle of release when release height is below landing height

A

optimum angle of release needs to be greater then 45 degrees

e.g basketball shot

34
Q

what is optimum angle of release when landing height is below release height

A

optimum angle of release needs to be below 45 degrees

e.g shot put

35
Q

speed of release

A

greater the release velocity of projectile, greater horizontal displacement travelled

e.g shot put the speed of the rotation across the circle ensures shot leaves hand at max velocity. therefore, greater horizontal displacement achieved

36
Q

height of release

A

greater the release height, greater the horizontal displacement travelled

37
Q

what two forces affect projectiles whilst in air

A

weight
air resistance

38
Q

what is important about weight and air resistance

A

decide whether a projectile has a flight path that is true parabola or a distorted parabola

39
Q

what is a parabola

A

curve that is symmetrical at its highest point

40
Q

what projectiles have a true parabola flight path

A

large weight force, small air resistance force

41
Q

sporting example of true parabola flight path

A

shot put as large weight small air resistance

42
Q

distorted parabola

A

low weight force, high air resistance

43
Q

sport example of distorted parabola flight path

A

shuttlecock in badminton

has lighter mass and unusual shape that increases its air resistance

44
Q

vertical component

A

upward motion of an object

arrow will be upwards

45
Q

horizontal component

A

horizontal motion of an object

arrow will be left or right

46
Q

fluid mechanisms

A

study of object or body that travels through any liquid or gas

e.g swimmers travel through water
tennis ball travels through air
both can be slowed down by friction or drag

47
Q

drag force

A

slows something down

resistance force caused by motion of body travelling through liquid

acts in opposition to direction of motion

negative effect on velocity

produced from air resistance and friction

cyclist will try to minimise drag so they can increase their velocity

48
Q

what are the two types of drags

A

surface drag
form drag

49
Q

surface drag

A

relates to friction between surface of an object and the fluid environment

swimmers wear specialised smooth clothing, shave off body hair to reduce surface drag
wearing streamline clothing

50
Q

form drag

A

relates to impact of environment on an object

e.g swimmer has to create thinnest and straightest form in water to reduce form drag

51
Q

factors that reduce and increase drag

A

velocity of moving body

cross sectional area of moving body

shape and surface characteristics of moving body

52
Q

velocity of the moving body

A

greater the velocity, greater the drag force

cyclist will experience greater air resistance, increase drag

reduce effects of drag include streamlining the body

53
Q

cross sectional area of the body

A

large cross sectional area of body increases drag

cyclists reduce drag by crouching forwards over handlebars instead of sitting upright as reduces cross sectional area

54
Q

shape and surface characteristics of a moving body

A

more streamlined, aerodynamic shape reduces drag

drag resistant clothing

aerodynamic helmets with air ducts to reduce drag
shaving off all body hair for swimmers to reduce drag
either bold or wear swimming cap

55
Q

Bernoulli principle

A

downward lift force
lift force

56
Q

discus in bernouili principle

A

air that travels over the top of discus has to travel at a longer distance then air underneath
air above discus travels at faster velocity, lower pressure
air that travels below has shorter distance to travel so travels at higher pressure
higher pressure below discus causes lift force and allows discus to stay in air for longer, increasing horizontal displacement

57
Q

cycling in Bernoulli principle

A

air travelling over the top travels a shorter distance then air underneath
air above travels at slower velocity, higher pressure
creates a downward lift force

paper 2 pe (42 decks)

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