Biological Molecules Flashcards
- Any of the substances that are produced by cells and living organisms.
Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules:
1. Function mainly as a source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions.
2. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) are the elements found in __________.
3. Source of instant energy.
Carbohydrates
Biological Molecules:
Carbohydrates:
Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide
- Polysaccharide
Biological Molecules:
Types of Carbohydrates:
1. The monomers used to build carbohydrates.
2. Simplest sugar
Monosaccharides
Biological Molecules:
Types of Carbohydrates:
Three Monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
Biological Molecules:
Types of Carbohydrates:
1. A molecule formed from the combination of two monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Biological Molecules:
Types of Carbohydrates:
Three Disaccharides
- Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
- Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
- Lactose = Galactose + Glucose
Biological Molecules:
Types of Carbohydrates:
1. Carbohydrate that contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined together.
Polysaccharides
Biological Molecules:
1. Contains Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
2. Oily molecules stored in adipose tissues.
3. Stored energy.
Lipids
Biological Molecules:
1. Large molecules that contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N).
2. Made up of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds.
Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that speed up or regulate chemical processes.
Enzymes
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that form structural framework of various parts of the body.
Structural Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that facilitate communications within or between cells.
Signal Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that facilitates communications by receiving signal proteins.
Receptor Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement.
Contractile Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Also known as ‘Defensive Proteins’
2. Proteins that aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.
Immunological Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that facilitate movement of molecules through the body.
Transport Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Types of Proteins:
1. Proteins that serve as a reservoir of amino acids.
Storage Proteins
Biological Molecules:
Proteins:
Four Protein Structure
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quarternary
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
1. Linear polypeptide chain formed by the amino acids in a particular sequence
Primary Structure
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
1. Formed by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain causing the chain to fold and coil in two different conformations: alpha-helix & beta-pleated sheet
Secondary Structure
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
Secondary Structure:
1. A single spiral formed by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
Alpha Helix
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
Secondary Structure:
2. Formed by hydrogen bonding between two or more adjacent polypeptide chains.
Beta-Pleated Sheet
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
1. The 3-dimensional shape acquired by the polypeptide chain.
Tertiary Structure
Biological Molecules:
Four Protein Structure:
1. Spatial arrangement of various tertiary structures.
Quarterary Structure
Biological Molecules:
1. Huge organic molecules that contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P).
2. Composed of a chain of repeating monomers called NUCLEOTIDES – composed of nitrogenous bases, sugar molecules, and phosphate groups.
Nucleic Acids
Biological Molecules:
Two Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
Biological Molecules:
Two Types of Nucleic Acids:
1. Defines the basic genetic makeup of the body.
DNA
Biological Molecules:
Two Types of Nucleic Acids:
1. Responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the body.
RNA
Biological Molecules:
Explain Chargaff’s Rule
The number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA is present in equal quantities.
Biological Molecules:
Nucleic Acids:
Three Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
Biological Molecules:
Nucleic Acids:
Three Types of RNA:
1. Carry amino acids to make proteins based on the message or instruction by the mRNA.
Transfer RNA
Biological Molecules:
Nucleic Acids:
Three Types of RNA:
1. Consists of a message or instruction made from the DNA that contains instructions to make proteins.
Messenger RNA
Biological Molecules:
Nucleic Acids:
Types of RNA:
1. Component of the ribosome that catalyzes protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA
