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bio > B9 - transportation in animals > Flashcards

B9 - transportation in animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

note: look for side with thicker/ smaller ventricle = left side of heart

A
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2
Q

note:
O = oxygenated blood
D = deoxygenated blood
atria = atrium (plural)

A
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3
Q

what is blood

A

a tissue

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4
Q

what does the circulatory system consist of

A

-heart
-blood vessels
-blood

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5
Q

what does fish circulation consist of

A

-single circulation
-gills, body, atrium, ventricle (order of blood flow)
-heart, gills, body, heart (order of blood flow)
-body organs + heart

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6
Q

types of circulation in mammals

A

-double circulation - blood pass heart twice
-systemic circulation - blood travels from heart to body (O2 to cells, pick up CO2)
-Pulmonary circulation - blood travels from heart to lungs (pick up O2, drop CO2)

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7
Q

differences between single circulation & double circulation

A

single - 1 blood circuit, blood flows through heart once
double - 2 blood circuits, blood flows through heart twice

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8
Q

advantages of double circulation

A

-separates O & D blood
–allows higher pressure of blood to the body tissues

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9
Q

direction & type of blood in blood vessels

A

-artery = away from heart, oxygenated except pulmonary artery
-capillaries = join arteries to veins
-vein = to heart, deoxygenated except pulmonary vein

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10
Q

types of blood vessels

A

-artery
-vein
-capillaries

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11
Q

name all the blood vessels
O = oxygenated
D = deoxygenated

A

-vena cava = brings D blood in heart, biggest vein
-pulmonary artery = brings D blood to lungs
-pulmonary vein = brings O blood into heart
-aorta = brings O blood to body, biggest artery
-hepatic artery = brings O blood in liver
-hepatic portal vein = brings D blood out of stomach & intestines into liver
-mesenteric artery = brings O blood in stomach & intestines
-renal artery = brings O blood in kidneys
-renal vein = brings D blood from kidneys & lower body
-hepatic vein = bring D blood from liver & renal vein

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12
Q

heart sides:
right left

A
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13
Q

parts of the heart

A

Right side: left side:
-pulmonary artery -aorta
-vena cava -pulmonary vein
-right atrium -left atrium
-tricuspid valves -bicuspid valve
-tendons -tendons = help open & close valves
-left ventricle -right ventricle
-semi- lunar valves
-septum = prevents mixing of D & O blood, separates left & right side of the heart
-bicuspid & tricuspid valves = atrioventricular valves
blood enters from vena cava & pulmonary vein, leaves from pulmonary artery & aorta

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14
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right

A

need a high pressure for blood to reach all parts of the body

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15
Q

what type of muscle is the heart & its speciality

A

cardiac muscle, doesn’t fatigue

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16
Q

function of valves in heart

A

prevent blood flowing backwards
AV valves = prevent blood flowing backwards from ventricle to atrium

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17
Q

function of septum

A

-prevents mixing of D & O blood
-separates left & right side of the heart

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18
Q

Cardiac cycle: stages & Atria/ ventricle relaxed or contract
A = atria
V = ventricle

A

-diastole - A & V relaxed
-Atrial systole - A contract, V relax
-ventricular systole - A relax, V contract

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19
Q

Cardiac cycle: blood flow direction

A

-diastole - atria to ventricles
-Atrial systole - atrium to ventricles
-ventricular systole - ventricle to arteries

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20
Q

Cardiac cycle: valves open/ close
AV = Tricuspid & bicuspid valves
SL = Semi lunar

A

-diastole = AV open, SL closed
-Atrial systole - AV open, SL closed
-ventricular systole - AV close, SL open

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21
Q

3 ways to monitor heart activity

A

-pulse rate
-heart sounds
-ECG (electrocardiogram)

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22
Q

how does pulse rate work to monitor heart activity

A

-put 2 fingers on radial artery on wrist & count beats per min (not thumb)
-Number of beats per min

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23
Q

how does heart sounds work to monitor heart activity

A

-use stethoscope to hear sounds
-the sounds/ count beats

24
Q

how does ECG (electrocardiogram) work to monitor heart activity

A

-attach electrodes to chest to detect electrical heart activity
-trace on electrocardiogram

25
Q

which vales are closing in Lub Dub

A

Lub = closing of AV valves
Dub = closing of SL valves

26
Q

define heart rate

A

number of heartbeats (ventricular contractions) per min

27
Q

what happens to heart during exercise

A

-muscle cells respire more than at rest
-glucose & oxygen has to be delivered more quickly
-waste carbon dioxide has to be removed more quickly
-breathing & heart rate increases

28
Q

why do cells respire more during exercise

A

more energy for muscle contractions

29
Q

why do athletes have slower heart rates

A

more muscular heart = less number of pumps needed for blood to get to cells

30
Q

define recovery time & its use

A

-time to return to resting heart rate
-measures fitness, shorter recovery time = fitter

31
Q

where is the coronary arteries

A

on the surface of the heart

32
Q

factors of coronary heart diseases

A

1) smoking
-nicotine damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
2) stress
-increases blood pressure = damages heart & blood vessels = no longer smooth
-increases build up of fat
3) diet
-too much saturated fat = increased cholesterol levels
-too much salt = increases blood pressure
4) gender
-males are more likely to develop it
5) age
-risk increases with age
6) genetics
-genetic link/ inherited
7) lack of exercise
-weaker heart muscle
-exercise reduces stress

33
Q

how does coronary heart disease happen

A

-build up of fatty substances (plaque) in walls of coronary arteries which can cause blood clot
-can cut off blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle = muscle can’t contract = heart attack

34
Q

how does blockage in coronary artery affect the function of the heart

A

-less oxygen transported to heart
-less aerobic respiration
-less energy available for muscle contractions

35
Q

define coronary heart disease

A

build up of plaque causing blockage in the coronary arteries

36
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

transport oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles

37
Q

properties of arteries

A

-blood away from heart
-high pressure
-carry to body cells via capillaries
-very thick muscular wall to withstand high blood pressure
-thick elastic tissue in walls
-small lumen
-not permeable
-blood in pulses
-oxygenated blood unless pulmonary artery

38
Q

properties of capillaries

A

-carry blood from arteries to veins
-low blood pressure
-no muscular wall (1 cell thick) = rapid diffusions
-no elastic tissue in walls
-very small lumen
-permeable
-carry blood from arteries to veins
-no pulses
-oxygenated blood at artery end

39
Q

properties of veins

A

-blood towards heart
-very low pressure
-thin muscular wall
-thin elastic tissue in walls
-large lumen
-not permeable
-has valves - prevent back flow of blood
-no pulses
-deoxygenated blood unless pulmonary vein

40
Q

cells in blood
liquid - 55%
cells - 45%

A

-plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

41
Q

difference btw parts of blood in photomicrograph

A

-outside liquid = plasma
-many small circle with no nucleus = red blood cells
-big cells with lobed nucleus = phagocytes
-big cells with large nucleus = lymphocytes

42
Q

adaptations of red blood cells

A

-transport oxygen
-biconcave shape = more surface area for oxygen = rapid diffusion
-no nucleus = more room for hemoglobin
-hemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhemoglobin (binds with oxygen)
-small to travel in capillaries

43
Q

how does red blood cell transport oxygen

A

-picks up oxygen form lungs and drops it in tissues
-oxygen binds with hemoglobin & forms oxyhemoglobin

44
Q

roles of blood clotting

A

-preventing blood loss
-prevent entry of pathogens (bacteria/ viruses)

45
Q

define platelets

A

-cell fragments that trigger blood clotting if there is damage of blood vessels
-no nucleus
-clump around damaged part
-soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin
-mesh net traps red blood cells = clot

46
Q

define plasma

A

-liquid part of the blood (contains 85% water)
-transports solutes:
blood cells
salts = ion
nutrients
hormones
waste eg urea, carbon dioxide
proteins
heat

47
Q

types of while blood cells

A

-phagocyte
-lymphocyte

48
Q

key features of phagocytes

A

-lobed shaped nucleus
-identify foreign antigens
-larger than lymphocytes & red blood cells
-carry out phagocytosis

49
Q

describe phagocytosis
identify, surround, engulf, digest

A

-identifies bacterium with foreign antigen
-phagocyte changes shape to surround bacterium (has pseudopodia)
-phagocyte engulfs bacterium
-digest & destroy bacterium

50
Q

key features of lymphocytes

A

-large nucleus which fills it up
-identify foreign antigens
-smaller than phagocytes
-10^9 different kinds of lymphocytes in body = 1 for each pathogen
-make specific antibodies

51
Q

describe antibody production
identify, clone, produce, release, destroy

A

-identifies pathogens
-specific lymphocytes clones itself
-makes antibodies specific to the pathogen
-releases antibodies
-antibodies destroy pathogen
-produces memory cells which remain in blood to provide long term protection

52
Q

why might you get the same sickness twice

A

mutations can change antigen of the pathogen so we need a new lymphocyte

53
Q

function of white blood cells

A

-defense against diseases

54
Q

1 similarity & 2 diff between artery & vein that is visible

A

same - both have lumen
diff - vein has larger lumen, artery has thicker wall than vein

55
Q

uses of thick muscular wall in artery

A

-withstand high blood pressure
-able to stretch & recoil

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