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Australia Flashcards

1
Q

The GI hierarchy of Australia

A

Zones, Regions, and Sub-Regions

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2
Q

Sultana

A

Only used for bulk wine production

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3
Q

The Zones of South Australia
5

A

Barossa Zone
Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
Fleurieu Zone
Limestone Coast Zone
Lower Murray Zone

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4
Q

The regions of the Barossa Zone

A

Barossa Valley and Eden Valley

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5
Q

The regions of Mounth Lofty Ranges Zone

A

Adelaide Hills and Clare Valley Region

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6
Q

The regions in Limestone Coast Zone
5

A

Wrattonbully
Coonawarra
Padthaway
Robe
Mount Benson

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7
Q

Region in Lower Murray Zone

A

Riverland

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8
Q

Zones in Victoria
6

A

NW Victoria
NE Victoria
Central Victoria
Western Victoria
Port Phillip
Gippsland

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9
Q

Regions in Port Phillip Zone
3

A

Yarra Valley
Mornington Penninsula
Geelong

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10
Q

Zones in New South Wales

A

Hunter Valley Zone, Central Ranges Zone, and Big River Zone.

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11
Q

Yalumba

A

Barossa

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12
Q

Wirra Wirra

A

McLaren Vale

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13
Q

Tim Adams

A

Clare Valley
South Australia

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14
Q

Pierro

A

Margaret River

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15
Q

What region is the powerhouse of Australia wine?

A

Southern

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16
Q

Where were the first vineyards in Australia?

A

New South Wales

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17
Q

What wine region is in New South Wales?

A

Hunter Valley

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18
Q

Australia world rankings?

A

6th largest producer, 4th largest exporter

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19
Q

The South Eastern Australia multi-state zone includes?

A

The entire states of:
Victoria
New South Wales
Tasmania

Wine growing regions of:
South Australia
Queensland

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20
Q

Which states are the most planted in Australia?

A

1 South Australia

#2 New South Wales
#3 Victoria
#4 Western Australia
Other 2 are around 1% of total plantings

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21
Q

Where is the Big River Zone?

A

New South Wales

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22
Q

Where is the Central Ranges Zone?

A

New South Wales

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23
Q

Where is the Hunter Valley

A

New South Wales

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24
Q

Where is the Northern Rivers Zone?

A

New South Wales

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25
Where is the Northern Slopes Zone?
New South Wales
26
Where is the South Coast Zone?
New South Wales
27
Where is Murray Darling located?
Split between Big River Zone, New South Wales & North West Victoria, Victoria
28
Where is Swan Hill located?
Split between Big River Zone, New South Wales & North West Victoria, Victoria
29
Where is Riverina located?
Big Rivers, New South Wales
30
Where is Perricoota located?
Big Rivers, New South Wales
31
Where is Cowra?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
32
Where is Mudgee?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
33
Where is Orange?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
34
Where is Broke Fordwich?
Hunter Valley, New South Wales
35
Where is Pokolbin?
Hunter, Hunter Valley, New South Wales
36
Where are Shoalhaven Coast & Southern Highlands located?
South Coast, New South Wales
37
Where is the Canberra District located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
38
Where is Tumbarumba located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
39
Where is the Hilltops located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
40
Where is Gundagai located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
41
Where is Hastings River located?
Northern Rivers, New South Wales
42
Where is the Adelaide Superzone Located?
South Australia
43
Which Zones are in the Adelaide Superzone?
Barossa Fleurieu Mount Lofty Ranges
44
What are the 2 regions of the Barossa Zone?
Barossa Valley Eden Valley
45
Where is McLaren Vale?
Fleurieu, South Australia
46
Where is Currency Creek located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
47
Where is Kangaroo Island located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
48
Where is Langhorne Creek located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
49
Where is Adelaide Hills located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
50
Where is Adelaide Plains located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
51
Where is Clare Valley located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
52
Where are the sub-regions Lenswood & Picadily Valley?
Adelaide Hills, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
53
Where is the Limestone Coast located?
South Australia
54
Where is Lower Murray located?
South Australia
55
Where is Coonawarra located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
56
Where is Mount Benson located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
57
Where is Padthaway located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
58
Where is Robe located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
59
Where is Wrattonbully located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
60
Where is Mount Gambier located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
61
Where is Riverland located?
Lower Murray, South Australia
62
Grapes brought by british prisoiners (first vineyards)
1788
63
50% total production
South australia
64
$4.5 Bil
Gross sales 2003
65
What place is Australia by volume of production in the world?
5th
66
Who developed zero pruning to restrict vigor
CSIRO commonwealth scientific & research institute
67
Riverland
South Australia- bulk wine- must be irrigated
68
Riverina
New South Wales- bulk wine- must be irrigated
69
What 2 areas account for 40% of the nations production
Riverland & Riverina
70
Grange
Shiraz debuted in 1951 as grange Hermitage
71
Who made the 1951 grange
Max Schubert
72
Name Henschke's top wine
Hill of grace Shiraz
73
What is Yalumbas top Shiraz?
Octavius
74
What is Clarendon hill top wine?
Astralis Shiraz McLaren Vale
75
What is Torbecks Shiraz called?
RunRig
76
Who regulated the Australian wine industry?
Australian wine and brandy corporation AWBC
77
Definition of GI
Single tract of land with at last 5 independently owned vineyards of 5 ht. Min output of 500 tons annually
78
Name the states in the SOUTH EASTERN AUSTRALIA GI
Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales and parts of Queensland and south Australia
79
Where was the first vineyard planted?
New South Wales 1788
80
What separates the coast from the arid interior in NSW?
Great dividing range
81
Who owned yellow tail? Where do the grapes come from?
Casella- Riverina in NSW
82
What wine dose De Bortoli make?
Nobel One- botrytiserd bulk semillon
83
Name a top hunter valley semillon
Tyrrell's vat 1
84
Where is hunter valley?
New South Wales
85
Tumbarumba is know for making what wine?
Sparkling from chard and Pinot
86
Regions in New South Wales.
Big river- central ranges- hunter valley- north rivers- northern slopes- south coast- Southern New South Wales Western plains
87
Sub regions of hunter valley
Hunter= Broke fordwich Pokolbin Upper hunter valley
88
Sub regions of southern New South Wales
Canberra district= Tumbrarumba Hilltops Gundagai
89
What grape is called hunter Riesling?
Semillon
90
Where is the mount Mary winery?
Yarra valley- Victoria
91
What French champagne house is in the yarra valley?
Domain Chandon- 1987
92
In 2020 no more tokay on labels instead the will say what?
Topaque
93
What are the classifications for Muscat of Rutherglen?
Muscat 5y. 180-240 g/l Classic 10y. 200-280 g/l Grand 15y. 270-400g/l Rare 20+y 270-400g/l
94
Regions of Victoria
Central Victoria Gippsland North east Victoria North west Victoria Port Phillip Western Victoria
95
Sub regions of central Victoria
Bendigo Goulburn= nagambie lakes Heathcote strathbogie ranges Upper goulburn Famous for Shiraz Slightly cooler
96
Subregions of north east Victoria
Alpine valley Beechworth Glenrowan King valley Rutherglen
97
Sub regions of north west Victoria shared with NSW?
Murray darling Swan hill Bulk wine area
98
Sub regions of port Phillip
Geelong Macedon ranges Mornington peninsula Sunbury Yarra valley
99
Sub regions of western Victoria
Grampians= great western Henty Pyrenees
100
Name 2 famous coonawara cabs
Majella Parker estate first growth
101
Where is terra Rossa famous?
Coonawara
102
Len Evans
(1930- 2006), promoter, taster, judge, consumer, teacher, and maker of wine who did more to advance the cause of wine in australia than any other individual. Born in England, architect, pro golf. Arrived in Sydney, Australia, 1955, immersion in wine for Chevron Hilton Hotel. By 1965 was the first National Promotions Executive for the Australian Wine Board. One of the few to see that future lay in table wine rather than in sweet fortified drinks. Natural performer and publicist, caused such a stir that Australians were convinced that real men could indeed drink table wine. By 1969 he was writing books and articles on wine, left the Wine Board, was starting up the Rothbury Estate in the hunter valley and establishing his own restaurant-cum-dining club at Bulletin Place by Sydney Harbour. Transformed blind tasting into a competitive sport, oversaw the creation of a game predicated on it, the options game, which raised substantial sums for charity under his direction. Late 1970s, financed by a tax lawyer friend Peter Fox, acquired properties in graves, sauternes, and the napa Valley, with plans to staff them using an early version of the flying winemaker concept. Apptd chairman of judges at the Royal Sydney Show. In 1981, Peter Fox was killed in a crash, Evans Wine Company thrown into turmoil - Rothbury, plus Petaluma winery in the adelaide hills, survivived. Awarded an Order of the British Empire & Chevalier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricole in 1994. In 1996, Rothbury, with Saltram and St Huberts, hostile takeover bid from brewers Fosters, owners of Beringer Blass wines. Evans Family Wines and the establishment of Tower winery and luxurious lodge in the Hunter Valley became his chief endeavor. Commemorated by Len Evans Tutorial, an annual orgy of blind tasting.
103
James Busby
(1801- 71), the so-called father of australian viticulture, born in Edinburgh became interested in agriculture in Ireland, before leaving Scotland for Australia, became convinced that wine could be made in the colony so spent several months studying viticulture and winemaking in France. At 24 2rote first book, Treatise on the Culture of the Vine, on 5-month voyage on the Triton, at the time considered too scientific, lacking in simple directions. 800 ha 1980 acre land grant made to Busby on the Hunter River in new south wales in 1824, property was named Kirkton. in 1830 his second and more successful book A Manual of Plain Directions for Planting and Cultivating Vineyards and for Making Wine in New South Wales. Busby, like others of his time, extolled the virtues of wine drinking compared with the then common excessive spirits consumption in the colony. His book contains the much quoted 'The man who could sit under the shade of his own vine, with his wife and children about him, and the ripe clusters hanging within their reach, in such a climate as this, and not feel the highest enjoyment, is incapable of happiness and does not know what the word means.' Busby's greatest contribution to Australian viticulture: in 1831 spent four months touring Europe, mainly to collect vine cuttings for Australia, 680 vine varieties (not necessarily all different) from the botanical gardens of montpellier, Luxembourg in Paris, and Kew in London, as well as from other parts of France and Spain. Shipped to Sydney w/ seeds of various vegetables, and by Jan 1833 was reported to be growing in the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Appointed first British Resident at the Bay of Islands in New Zealand and, through his and others' efforts, NZ became a British possession in February 1840 with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by some fifty Maori chiefs. Credited with being first person to make wine in NZ.
104
History of Aussie Wine
Potential recognised for winemaking in 1788 on establishment of the colony. Vineyards have spread throughout each (marginally in Northern Territory) of the states. Long heritage of fortified wines (Sherry and Port styles and Muscats) Heavy investment in equipment, knowledge and vineyard has led rapidly to being recognised as a quality wine producer in many markets.
105
Australian Wine Trade
Leads export markets with a combination of competitive prices, consistent quality and market-led style production. This is essential because the domestic market is small and static. Success with varietally labelled wines that give a wine drinker a clear idea of what they can expect when they buy a bottle. Clear concept of marketing and creating labels, both back and front that appeal to the shopper.
106
Three potential threats to the Australian wine industry
• Climate change and impact on water availability and quality. Supply-demand imbalances leading sometimes to over-production while capacity grows. Aggressive pricing with wine sold at heavily discounted prices with little profit for the company
107
Australian Wine Laws
Old labelling terms of Burgundy, Claret, Chablis etc have been phased out in agreement with EU law. Geographical Indications (GI) committee formed in 1993 to determine the GI for wine in Australia. Not appellations; do not specify grapes, methods or wine styles (this would restrict experimentation). Ensures validity of information on the bottle label. 85% of stated variety, 85% of stated origin, 85% of stated vintage.
108
Australia Topography
Vineyards generally planted near the coast on flat or rolling countryside, due to the arid, desert conditions of inland Australia, exception of Murray-Darling where the rivers once provided plentiful water for irrigation, now water shortage is a major issue.
109
Australia Climate
Some cool climate regions such as Tasmania and high altitude mainland sites. Overall climate is hot Mediterranean near the coast, however major differences between the wine-making zones. Vintage takes place between February and April, May in the cooler regions.
110
Australia Soil
The full impact of soil in Australia is still being researched but many wines are made from regions that display recognisable regional characteristics and premiums paid for fruit from prestigious regions such as Coonawarra and Mclaren Vale. Even the large 'South Eastern Australian' blends can combine characteristics from different regions to contribute to the overall balance and complexity.
111
Australia Region Structure
South Eastern Australia super-zone State Zone eg, New South Wales Area zone - eg, Big Rivers Zone Region eg, Riverina Note: South Eastern Australia covers 95% of total Australian vineyards allows blending from different regions while still qualifying for third country wine status in the EU. Often large volume branded wines.
112
Australia New South Wales (state) regions
Big Rivers Zone=incl Murray-Darling, Riverina, Riverlands New South Wales (state) zone New South Wales - Main area Hunter valley. Warm, humid, cloudy region 160km north and inland from Sydney. Central Ranges Zone - 3 regions on slopes of Western ranges inland from Sydney; Mudgee, Orange and Cowra. Hilltop region, new plantings at very high altitudes, various reds, Chardonnay and Semillon grown.
113
Australia Big Rivers Zone-New South Wales
Murray-Darling Riverina Riverlands Water for irrigation from rivers. Mainly inexpensive varietal & basic table wine. Mainly mass production area badly affected by three years of drought from 2007 making price of water unaffordable against return on inexpensive wines. This as led to a reduction in vineyard area. Some excellent quality sweet botrytised Semillon from Riverina.
114
Australia Hunter Valley-NSW
Soils predominantly volcanic basalt. High rainfall at harvest, so grey rot a problem. Grafted vines due to phylloxera. Success of region due to tourism/close proximity to Sydney. Some importation of grapes from more reliable areas. Soft, earthy Shiraz; Semillon w/low sugar, high acidity, flavours of honey and toast. Upper Hunter sub-region, drier with irrigated vineyards, Chardonnay dominates.
115
Australia Central Ranges Zone -NSW
Mudgee Orange Cowra Cooler climate gives concentrated Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. White varieties such as Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling planted at higher altitudes with reds planted in the lower vineyards around 600m.
116
Canberra District
Small district, increase in plantings due to Constellation. High altitude vineyards with frost a problem, producing delicate Pinot Noir and Riesling.
117
Australia Victoria (state) zone
Historically important, old vineyards destroyed by phylloxera. Diverse region accounting for 25% of total production. North-West Victoria Zone Murray-Darling region, large quantities of healthy fruit for bulk wine production. Port Phillip Zone - Zone encircles Port Phillip Bay with a number a regions. Yarra Valley (cool wet), Mornington Peninsula (maritime) Geelong (barren & windy. All specializing in Chard & Pinot
118
Australia Yarra Valley
stretches from the north eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Soil varies, from sandy or clay loam to red volcanic soil. Planted on slopes of 50 to 470m above sea level. Climate cool wet, under-ripeness and fungal diseases a problem. Main grapes Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon in warmer sites and Pinot Noir. Most widely planted grape is Chardonnay with citrus character and crisp acidity. Pinot Noir of high quality produced, with a style that is full bodied and fruity without being jammy
119
Australia Mornington Peninsula & Geelong (jhu-LONG)
Mornington Peninsula region, south of Melbourne maritime climate, boutique producers specialising in Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. Geelong barren and very windy. Also a centre for Pinot Noir production.
120
Australia - North-East Victoria (state) Zone
Rutherglen region, famous for Liqueur Muscats and Tokays and some red. King Valley and Alpine Valley- high altitude, cool climate w/ experimental varieties ie Sangiovese, Graciano, Mondeuse. Lower altitude sites success with Chardonnay, Shiraz.
121
Australia Central Victoria Zone
The Goulburn Valley, Heathcote regions produce distinctive whites from Rhone varieties Marsanne, Rousanne and Viognier; quality Rieslings, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.
122
Australia Western Victoria Zone
Henty Grampians Region at end of Great Dividing Range has limestone rich soils. recognised for excellent sparkling wines, incl Shiraz, made in cellars chiselled out of ancient caves found in the area. Also makes powerful, tannic still Shiraz. Pyrenees region on rolling countryside, cooler climate produces full bodied reds and fine styles of Chardonnay. Bendigo region warmer than the Pyrenees and produces extravagant reds from Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.
123
Australia Tasmania
Small, southerly cool climate region. Historically sparkling wine producer, now also still elegant Pinot Noir white wines from Alsatian varieties, Chardonnay, Riesling.
124
Australia South Australia Area zones within South Australia zone
43% of total production, phylloxera free with strict quarantine restrictions of vineyard material and machinery from out of state. Area Zones within S Australia Zone Lower Murray Zone - Riverland region, large quantities for bulk wine. Healthy fruit with little disease risk due to the hot climate and low rain fall. Hot climate leads to sugar ripeness before phenolic ripeness. Barossa Zone - Barossa region, Eden Valley region Fleurieu Peninsula Zone - McLaren Vale region, Langhorne Creek Mount Lofty Ranges Zone - Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills, Piccadilly Valley Limestone Coast Zone -Coonawarra, Padthaway
125
Australia Barossa Zone
Barossa region, north of Adelaide, settled in the 19th century by German immigrants, soils limestone and ironstone, hot climate, top wines from old bush vine Shiraz, Grenache, Cabernet Sauvignon and Mataro (Mourvedre). Classic Barossa Shiraz full-bodied, soft spicy developing aromas of leather with age. Surrounding hills (Eden Valley region) high quality, medium-bodied dry/off-dry high acidity Rieslings, Lime and lemon developing into honey, petrol and toast with age.
126
Australia Fleurieu Peninsula Zone
McLaren Vale region, south of zone, cooled by ocean breezes. Red wines with soft juicy fruit and full body produced from Cabernet, Shiraz, Merlot, Grenache. Langhorne Creek produces earthy full-bodied Shiraz.
127
Australia Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
1. Clare Valley region, cooler climate, light-bodied, austere Rieslings with ageing potential. 2. Adelaide Hills, cool, specialises in Chardonnay with elegance, high acidity and nectarine and lemon characters. Growing confidence with Sauvignon Blanc. Piccadilly Valley has Chardonnay resembling Sauv Blanc due to high acidity and flavour structure. Also base for sparkling wine production, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Riesling, Semillon.
128
Australia Limestone Coast Zone
400km south-east of Adelaide, cool climate, influenced by ocean currents. Coonawarra soils of red terra rossa soil over limestone base = top quality Cabernet Sauvignon. Spring frost, rain at harvest, under ripeness of fruit are main viticultural problems. Similar soils found in surrounding regions. Padthaway has a warmer climate with richer fruit flavours.
129
Australia Western Australia (state) Zone
Relatively small production, has become a high quality, high prices on int'l. market. Greater Perth Zone - Swan Valley region, very hot climate, dry summers. Historic region. South-West Australia Zone - Main region Margaret River, Great Southern region - Frankland River and Mount Barker are sub-regions of Great Southern region
130
Australia South-West Australia Zone
South-West Australia Zone - Main region Margaret River, maritime climatel dry warm summers, wet winters due to proximity to sea. Strong spring winds can disrupt flowering. High salt content in ground water makes dams for irrigation essential. Outstanding Bordeaux blends, varietal Cab, elegant Chardonna & herbaceous, aromatic Semillon produced. Great Southern region - Frankland River and Mount Barker are sub-regions. Young vineyard area, experimentation with varieties still occurring. Known for full bodied Cabernet Sauvignon, peppery Shiraz and pure fruit driven Riesling. Pemberton region produces good Pinot Noir
131
Australia Grape Varieties
Approximately 90 different grape varieties grown. Top grafting common to change variety quickly. 8 main white, 8 main red varieties are grown. Red - Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Ruby Cabernet, Grenache, Mataro (Mourvedre), Cabernet Franc. White - Chardonnay, Thompson Seedless, Semillon, Riesling, Muscat Gordo Blanco, Sauvignon Blanc, Colombard and Verdelho. All for high qual varietals and blends, Thompson, Muscat GB, Colombard used for bulk wine.
132
Australia Shiraz
Many low yielding old vines pulled in the 1980's vine-pull scheme. Remaining old vines a major factor in quality Shiraz. Soft, spicy wine, develops leather and caramel with age in hot climates. Elegant with peppery characters in cool climates. Multi-region blends combine the characters. Blended with Cabernet Sauvignon, giving softness and body. Shiraz-Viognier Cote Rotie style blends made by some producers. Other experimental blends produced.
133
Australia Cabernet Sauvignon
Dark blackcurrant and blackberry with high acidity and firm tannins. Single varietal or blend with Shiraz or Merlot. Classic regions include Coonawarra and Margaret River.
134
Australia Chardonnay
Planted widely, range of different styles. Blending throughout regions common; each contributing different aromas, and degrees of oak, lees and malolactic characters. Oak treatment often used (chips, staves in tank, barrel fermentation and ageing), recent trend for un-oaked Chardonnay. Also blended with Semillon.
135
Australia Riesling
Riesling - Citrus fruit developing into toast, honey and petrol with age. Unoaked and usually dry. Classic regions include Eden and Clare Valley.
136
Australia Semillon
Planted widely for blending. Classic region is Hunter Valley producing light-bodied wines with crisp acidity developing toast, nut and honey with age. Herbaceous style produced in Western Australia similar to Sauvignon Blanc.
137
Australian Influence
Influence on wine production, marketing, and even distribution huge: enormous influence on wine world of late 20th century. Viticulturists pioneered sophisticated canopy management techniques, niceties of irrigation (partial rootzone drying), hi-tech soil mapping. Aussie winemakers travelled, exp the northern him where the harvest is opposite, imbuing many wineries w/ Australian technology, obsession with hygiene, record water usage (see flying winemakers). Commitment to long hours, ignoring weekends, evenings, at critical periods at harvest. Graduates of oenology/viticulture courses at Australian universities such as Adelaide and Charles Sturt university are now dispersed around the world. Australian wine research institute (AWRI) increasingly recognized as one of most important, and practical, forces in academe. World's largest and canniest wine company, E & J gallo of California, recruited an Australian to lead its wine research department into the new millennium. Overtook France to be most important exporter of wine to UK, o at the beginning of the century, and went on to perform the same trick in US, but Aussie wine this popular only temporarily w/ Americans. Success of Yellow tail tarnished image, came to be dismissively associated with 'critter brands'. Such late-20th-century success developing/ selling brands to suit the modern international marketplace, so for many years seen as a model even by such experienced wine exporters as the French. Alliances between Australian companies and global players in the drinks trade have been a notable feature of the globalization of the wine trade
138
Geographical Indications
(GI) catch-all term intended to cover various approaches to geographical delimitation across the globe, including straightforward systems of new world countries that control only the origin of grapes, as well as the European appellation model that regulates conditions of production such as variety and yield. GIs can vary greatly in size and consequently in the promise of specificity they convey. South Eastern Australia and France's Pays d'Oc both immense, covering many thousands of hectares, whereas the smallest, such as the Burgundy grands crus, cover just a few hectares. But in every case, should be more than a mere indication of source. They must signify a link between a place and the characteristics of the wines that are produced there. Geographical indications recognized as a special form of intellectual property in 1994 through the WTO's Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property. The agreement defines a GI as 'an indication that identifies a good as originating in the territory of a country, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, or reputation, or other characteristic, of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin'. This definition applies not only to wine but all products. All 158 member countries of WTO required to provide means for legal protection of GIs against misuse. Wines and spirits have higher level of protection than other products but each country interprets obligations differently, resulting in a diverse range of approaches to GI protection as well as controversy. Many countries have incorporated the term 'geographical indication' directly into their legislation, including Australia and China. The eu created the Protected Geographical Indication (pgi) category for wines in 2008 although this is seen as a lower guarantee of typicality than the more strictly controlled Protected Designation of Origin (pdo) category.
139
Australia Special Late Harvested
term which should according to eu labelling law be applied to wines made in Australia from 'fresh ripe grapes of which a significant proportion have been desiccated under natural conditions in a manner favouring the concentration of sugars in the berries'. In South Africa, refers to a lighter style of dessert wine harvested at a minimum of 22 ºBalling and with at least 11% alcohol. If the residual sugar is less than 20 g/ l, the label must indicate whether the wine is extra dry, dry, semi-sweet, or sweet. www.wosa.co.za/ sa/ varieties_styles.php
140
Australia Stickie
Australian term for sweet, usually fortified, wines. Typical examples are the topaques and muscats of rutherglen and Glenrowan in North East victoria.
141
Australia CSIRO
(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), one of world's largest most diverse research institutions. Its charter covers research into areas of economic, environmental, and social benefit to australia. Early research solving immediate problems of adaptation of northern hemisphere practices, irrigation, and pest and disease control to the new Australian regions. After WWII research broadened to include nematology (see nematodes), irrigation, hydrology, and basic vine physiology. In the 1960s, there was an even greater shift in emphasis to viticultural research. A new laboratory was opened in Adelaide to accommodate a group of plant (largely vine) physiologists. An early result of research was the introduction of the complementary management techniques of minimal pruning and mechanical harvesting. Around this time, the grapevine germplasm collection was established at Mildura and now contains around 680 varieties of many species. vine breeding and selection has yielded a number of new varieties such as tarrango, taminga, tyrian, and cienna as well as successful table and drying grapes. In the 1990s, CSIRO extended its research to encompass computer modelling of vine growth, water and nutrient application, yield estimation, and precision viticulture. genetic modification is an increasingly important avenue of research in viticulture worldwide, and CSIRO achieved the transformation Sultana and a range of wine grape varieties in the late 1990s. The genes controlling colour were also identified. New CSIRO wine-grape research initiatives include a focus on disease resistance, ripening, and flavour and aroma development in berries, this last aimed at understanding the management and genetics of grape flavour and aroma and links to final wine quality. Results of CSIRO research have given Australian viticulturists access to improved varieties, rootstocks resistant to salt and nematodes, and water and nutrient management strategies suited to different environments.
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Roseworthy
town north of Adelaide in state of south australia, close to Barossa Valley, known in the wine world for Australia's first agricultural college, established in 1883. Trained a high proportion of winemakers and viticulturists in Australia and New Zealand and contributed greatly to the technical standing of the Australian wine industry until 1991 when relocated to the Waite campus of the University of Adelaide, where the australian wine research institute and csiro were already sited.
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Charles Sturt University
one of Australia's foremost research and teaching institutions for grape-growers and winemakers. Courses started in 1976 within the Riverina College of Advanced Education, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW) to satisfy the need, within the rapidly growing wine industry, for a teaching institution in addition to roseworthy. In 1989, the College combined with other regional teaching institutions in NSW to form Charles Sturt University (CSU). Distance education (DE), initially a controversial option for the wine industry, now predominant means of learning, allowing students to continue in their current profession while studying. CSU also offers its degrees through partner institutions in New Zealand and elsewhere in Australia. In 1997, CSU joined the NSW Government's Department of Primary Industries and the NSW Wine Industry Association to form the National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, conducts research and offers extension services to assist the wine industry in applying best practice.
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Pernod Ricard
First significant wine acquisition in 1989, the Orlando Wyndham Group of Australia included the brand jacob's creek. Etchart of Argentina, owner of Graffigna, followed in 1992, and then in 2005 Allied Domecq which included not just an array of spirits, but Montana (now brancott estate), and Stoneleigh in New Zealand, Campo Viejo in Rioja, and Mumm and Perrier-Jouët champagnes. In 2013 the company invested in the Chinese wine brand Helan Mountain of Ningxia and in 2014 acquired Kenwood Vineyards of California.
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Penfolds
Makers of Australia's most famous fine wine Penfolds Grange, now owned by treasury wine. Penfolds' first vineyard founded in 1844 at Magill, South Australia, by Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold. For more than 100 years, Penfolds, like most Australian wineries, concentrated on producing fortified wines and brandy, much of which was exported to the UK. In 1950, Max Schubert, then chief winemaker, visited Europe, primarily to observe the making of sherry in Spain, but detoured on the way home to visit Bordeaux, where he was taken in hand by Christian cruse. This inspired him to adopt an entirely new approach to fermentation techniques and the use of new oak, the aim being simultaneously to protect the varietal flavour of Shiraz while adding a level of complexity previously unknown in Australia. Schubert's ambition was to create a red that would rival the finest wines of Bordeaux for both quality and the potential to improve with age for up to 50 years. This he achieved with Penfolds Grange (known as Penfolds Grange Hermitage until eu authorities objected to this misappropriation of a French place-name), now widely acknowledged to be Australia's greatest wine. The first vintage of Grange, named after Dr Penfold's cottage in Magill, was 1951; all early vintages were made from Shiraz grapes grown at Magill and Morphett Vale, Adelaide, and the wine was matured in new American oak for 12 months. So intense did the first vintages seem that they were rejected as maverick 'dry port'. In 1957, Schubert was ordered to cease production of Grange; instead he took the operation underground, emerging three years later when maturing vintages began to fulfil their promise. In fact, fine vintages of Grange improve for up to 30 years and beyond (the 1952 and 1953 vintages were still magnificent), and the wine became the first new world wine to become an internationally acknowledged collectible. Fruit from Kalimna in the Barossa Valley was introduced in 1961, boosted by grapes from the Clare and Koonunga Hill vineyards. Small amounts of Cabernet Sauvignon are included in most vintages of Grange, and the wood-ageing period has been lengthened to between 18 and 20 months. The wine is not released until five years after the vintage. A string of award-winning red wines from Penfolds followed, many identified by bin numbers which originated in the winery stock-keeping system. Of particular note is Bin 707 Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1998 Penfolds released the first vintage of its super-premium Yattarna Chardonnay, now recognized as one of Australia's finest. A stream of 'Special Bin' luxury reds followed in the early 2000s, not least the 2008 Bin 620 Cabernet/ Shiraz, priced in line with first growth bordeaux, and 2010 Bin 170 Kalimna Shiraz that is even more expensive. If prices are a guide, Penfolds has truly arrived on the luxury catwalk. As of 2014 the brand was owned by treasury wine estates.
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Lifestyle Winery
term coined in new zealand for a small winery established and run, typically by an educated young to middle-aged couple who have access to funds generated by another career, more for its bucolic appeal than as a strictly commercial proposition.
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Constellation Brands
term coined in new zealand for a small winery established and run, typically by an educated young to middle-aged couple who have access to funds generated by another career, more for its bucolic appeal than as a strictly commercial proposition.
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Australia Wine Shows
Now a universal phenomenon, and have occupied a particularly important place in Australia's wine culture, taking place in each australian state's capital, with some uniquely Australian features. Each class (established by variety and vintage( s)) is judged by a panel of three judges, one being panel chair, and three associate judges. If one or more of the judges has given gold medal points to a wine, it will automatically be retasted and discussed and the show chair may well be called in. The trophies and medals awarded to the more successful exhibitors are used extensively in marketing and promotion, and are accepted as reliable indicators of quality by retailers and consumers alike. But the greater long-term benefit has been for the winemaker judges, drawn from the leading wineries and schooled by chairs in the tradition of Len evans.
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Ruby Cabernet
red vinifera Carignan x Cabernet Sauvignon cross bred in and for california in 1936 and released in 1948. Dr H. P. Olmo of the University of California at davis (see also emerald riesling, carnelian) was attempting to combine Cabernet characteristics with Carignan productivity and heat tolerance. The slightly rustic Ruby Cabernet enjoyed a heyday in California in the 1960s and even in 2012 was still grown on more than 6,000 acres/ 1,482 ha, mainly in the southern san joaquin valley (though is only half as popular as the red-fleshed hybrid rubired). It is even more popular in South Africa where it was grown in 2012 on a total of 2,250 ha, mainly in hotter inland wine regions, and has also been grown quite extensively in Australia's inland regions; indeed Ruby Cabernet appeared increasingly on Australian wine labels during the country's red wine shortage of the late 1990s.
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Partial Rootzone Drying
or PRD, Australian irrigation technique designed to control vine vigour and maintain wine quality with minimum interference to yield. Developed by scientists Dry and Loveys from the University of adelaide and csiro, after observation of basic vine physiology in response to water stress. Initially using vines with divided root systems, they discovered that when only a portion of a vine's root system was drying, transpiration was reduced and shoot growth was slowed as a consequence of the production of the hormone abscisic acid by drying roots. Field experiments with Cabernet Sauvignon showed that it was possible to control shoot vigour and reduce the amount of water needed while maintaining yield and quality. This was achieved with two drip irrigation lines per row, used alternately for irrigation while the other part of the root system was drying. The results from these studies have been used to interpret some of the known beneficial effects of water stress, especially for red wine quality. Commercial adoption in vineyards has been limited thus far. However, research on grapevines and other crops has clearly shown that PRD can generate a unique physiological response that is distinct from what happens with conventional irrigation, including regulated deficit irrigation.
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Regulated Deficit Irrigation
(RDI), an irrigation scheduling technique which uses strategially managed mild water stress at key stages of fruit development to reduce vegetative growth and improve berry ripening and thus improve grape quality. RDI was first applied on peach and pear orchards in Australia in the 1980s. Research showed that it restricted shoot growth without significantly affecting yield. Now common practice in many vineyards around the world, especially in those planted to black grape varieties, due to the greater benefits to grape colour. Mmain benefits are less competition between berry ripening and vegetative growth, better water conservation, and reduced berry size. Successful application requires careful monitoring of evapotranspiration and soil water content and typically results in slightly lower yields. It is most effectively applied through drip irrigation, which allows the application of small amounts of water. RDI is more stressful to the vine than partial rootzone drying and its use in hot regions can cause problems if its application is followed by a spell of hot weather: vines with limited soil moisture can suffer extremes of water stress, which may, for example, lead to rapid loss of leaves. This situation can be alleviated by carefully monitoring weather forecasts and applying some irrigation. Water deficit is generally applied between fruit set and a week or so after veraison but is generally avoided in the later stages of berry ripening
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Dryland Viticulture
viticulture relying entirely on natural rainfall, and a term used, sometimes as a sales pitch, only in regions where irrigation is common. There can be little doubt that some European areas with both moderate rainfall and Mediterranean climates, now practising fully dryland viticulture, could in some circumstances improve their wine quality if limited irrigation were allowed. Excessive water stress causes loss of photosynthesis and eventually of the leaves themselves, and can seriously prejudice normal ripening. On the other hand, even in New World regions where irrigation is widely practised, dryland vineyards are often prized for the quality of their fruit, for which some wineries will pay a premium, thereby allowing such vineyards to remain economical. As water shortages become more prevalent, dryland viticulture is likely to become more common., at least in regions of moderate rainfall.
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Len Evans - Quick Facts
(1930- 2006), A promoter, taster, judge, teacher, and maker of wine who diid more to advance the cause of wine in australia than any other individual. Born in England - architect and pro golfer and was later recognized for his contribution in England. Arrived in Sydney in 1955, immersed in wine and by 1965 was the first National Promotions Executive for the Australian Wine Board. One of the few to see that future was in table wine rather than in sweet fortified drinks. As a performer he caused such a stir that Australians were convinced that real men could indeed drink table wine. Started the Rothbury Estate in the Hunter valley Created the options game - which raised money for charity. Acquired properties in graves, sauternes, and the napa Valley, with plans to staff them using an early version of the flying winemaker concept. In 1996 was part of a hostile takeover bid from Fosters, owners of Beringer Blass wines. Evans Family Wines and the Tower winery and luxurious lodge in the Hunter Valley became his chief endeavor. Commemorated by the "Len Evans Tutorial", an annual orgy of blind tasting.
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Australia - History
1788 vines brought to Australia 1824 - James Busby immigrated bringing cuttings from Spain and France Mid 20th Century - shift from port and sherry-style to table and fine wines Last 30 years - growth, emphasis on quality, increased technology, production
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Australia, generally
4% of world wine production 5th largest exporter consistent quality Wine drinker has a clear idea of what they can expect in the bottle Good marketing Almost 50% is cask or bag-in-box Exports to UK, US, China (growing)
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Australia Trade
Australian Wine Research Institute - helped establish high standards; growing backlash against "brand Australia" Creation of SE Australia vs. terroir-driven wines 5 companies control more than 50%: Treasury Accolade Pernod Ricard Australian Vintage Casella
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Threats to Australian wine industry
Domestic market is static Climate change - fire, drought, floods; water availability Water issues Over supply Aggressive pricing leaves little profit
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Australian Influence
Canopy Management Partial Rootzone Drying Soil Mapping Flying winemakers Hygiene Water Usage AWRI
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Australian Laws
85% - variety, vintage, region No restrictions on grape varieties, methods, styles Super Zone - SE Australia - 95% of wine Zones Regions Subregions Phasing out generic terms
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Australian Topography
Generally planted on coast Flat or rolling countryside Inland is arid and dessert EXCEPTION - Murray-Darling - rivers once provided plentiful water for irrigation, now drought threatens this
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Australia climate
Overall hot med Cooler at latitude and altitude Winter-spring rainfall, dry summer, early autumn, needs irrigation In New South Wales - sub-tropical with more rainfall, high temps, high humidity
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Australia Viticulture
varied soils Mostly wire trained - mechanization (80%) Some old un-grafted bush trained Shiraz in Barossa & McLaren Vale Sustainable viticulture Heavily dependent on irrigation (High salt content in water table) Phylloxera free in S. Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and parts of New South Wales Rain, mildew, humidity, summer fires, frosts, droughts, floods
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Water Stress
evaporation and root zone drying much depends on humidity pre verasion stops shoot tip growth, limits berry size and phenolics leaves wilt and berries shrivel closes stomata and hormones in reaction- reduces photosynth can cause dormancy reduces fruit set
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Minimal pruning
CSIRO zero pruning seen Bulk wines and Coonawarra natural state philosophy many short shoots as opposed to more long ones produces more fruit but delays ripening host to pests good in hot and dry climate
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Partial Rootzone Drying
Controls vigor without affecting yield less water needed two lines of irrigation that alternate mimics positive water stress
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Regulated deficit Irrigation
mild water stress at stages of fruit development to reduce vegetative growth and improve ripening. Reduces shoots without affecting yields black grapes have more color reduced berrie size more stressful than partial root zone drying, especially if followed by hot weather Fruit set through version avoided during ripening
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Australia Vinification
Large-scale vineyards (few wineries - 20 companies produce 87% of the wine) Grapes often travel long distances in tankards from vineyards to corporate cellars High tech equipment and techniques Acidification common Chaptalization prohibited Screwcaps - 85-90% Goal - max preservation of varietal fruit flavor and soft, supple texture Achieve consistency through blending
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South East Autralia
95% of total wine production Blending across most of Australia for varietally-labeled EU exported wines (part of) Queensland NSW Victoria South Australia Tasmania blended wines
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South Australia
Reputation for large-scale mediocre wines but some high quality appellations and producers Phylloxera free - strict quarantine Dominates output - 43% SE Corner Barossa Zone (Eden Valley) Mount Lofty Ranges (Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills) Fleurieu zone (McLaren Vale, Langhorne Creek) Limestone coast Zone (Coonawarra, Padthaway) Lower Murray Zone (Riverland)
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Barossa Valley
South Australia Mediterranean climate with large diurnal range and low humidity Soils vary - clay loam, sandy, limestone, ironstone Riesling once dominated 150 year old vines; ungrafted, bush vines, dry farmed Shiraz, Cab, Grenache, Mourvedre, Semillon, Riesling Penfolds Urban sprawl Scarce water Trend to move into hills Old rhone style 2 styles of Shiraz: Ultra ripe, high alcohol, dark chocolate OR Shiraz-Cab blends INCL Eden Valley
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Eden Valley
South Australia Barossa Zone Cool climate - later ripening Hilly with sandy loam, clay loam, gravel soils Riesling, Shiraz, Cab, Chardonnay Lime Riesling, dry or off dry, not as full bodied Less fruit less alcohol more floral Riesling Med body Shiraz, restrained, high acid
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Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
South Australia Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills
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Clare Valley
South Australia, Mount Lofty Zone Continental - cool afternoon breezes, low humidity Terra Rosa topsoil over limestone to broken slate Riesling is great - light bodied, lime, steely, dry Shiraz, Cab, Malbec, Semillon Med + alch (not high) Ages well Some noble rot
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Adelaide Hills
South Australia, Mount Lofty Zones High, cool - warm days, cool nights, big diurnal range, irrigation needed Chard, SB, Riesling, Cab, Merlot, PN, Shiraz, Grenache Chardonnay - excellent reputation, boutique producers, pronounced fruit (nectarine), whole bunch pressent, barrel fermentation, partial MLF, batonnage Piccadilly Valley - Chard resembles SB due to high acid Chard as base for sparkling wine Fine Sauvignon Blanc Low altitude areas for Shiraz and cab Shiraz often with Viognier
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Fleurieu Zone 3
South Australia Maritime Cool ocean breezes Cab, Shiraz, Merlot, Grenache Unspoiled zone Kangaroo is a vine paradise McLaren Vale Langhorne Creek Region
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Mclaren Vale
South Australia, Fleurieu Zone Narrow band of land between sea nd Mt. Lofty Range Ocean breezes temper climate; substantial variation in mesoclimate Soil types vary, site selection important Small wineries Jacobs creek juice Chard, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon SHIRAZ AND CAB Dry land Grenache Intensively planted New plantings of Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Mourvedre, Barbera - suited to Mediterranean climate Reds rich + alcohol
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Langhorne Creek
South Australia, Fleurieu Peninsula Zone Flat river delta landscape Alluvial and sandy loam soils Shiraz and cab, often blended Large yields of medium body red Jacobs creek Temperate climate
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Limestone Coast Zone
Southern Australia Cool, influenced by ocean currents High quality Wrattonbully, coonawarra, padthaway Water table Spring frost Rain at harvest Under ripeness issue
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Coonawarra
South Australia, Limestone Coast Zone Narrow strip of land Maritime climate - dry, cool summers, cold Antarctic current; persistent cloud cover Flat land, mechanized Cabernet Sauvignon (60%), Shiraz, Chard, Riesling Terra Rossa soil over limestone Spring frost, rain at harvest, under-ripeness, drought Dominated by large producers Coonawarra Cab - pure fruit expression; structured, intense, mineral cabs Picked in April
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Padthaway
South Australia, Limestone Coast Moderately cool maritime Grape growing more than wine-making Mainstream varieties - richer fruit flavors Good chard Quality Shiraz Yields affect quality Lindemans here, bring in fruit
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Lower Murray Zone
South East Australia Riverland is it's only region Most productive region in nation Irrigated by Murray Drought issues Grape quality improving "South East Australia" Bulk Healthy fruit little disease Hot climate - continental Little rain Sugar ripe before phenolic ripe Varied soil
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Riverland
South East Australia Big river zones Lower Murray Zone Along Murray Australia's largest wine producing region Over 30% of nations crush Changing from bulk to quality Cheap, oak chips Irrigated by Murray Drought issues Chard, Shiraz, Cab, Merlot; also Arneis to Zinfandel in new varieties
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Victoria
Most producers of any state 3rd most wine - 25% SE corner Castella from Swiss Victorian Era: WWII, phyllox and changes collapsed Diversity
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Central Victoria Zone
Marsanne, Rousanne, Viognier, Riesling, Shiraz, cab Goulburn Valley: warm inland valley moderated by lakes and creeks; red and brown sandy loam, yellow-brown clay, gravelly quarts sands; some of oldest Marsanne in the world Heathcote: 500 million year old Cambrian Greenstones soil of decomposed igneous rock (red and brown), temperate climate, striking shiraz, + alcohol, rich
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North East Victoria Zone
Continental climate - warm summer and autumn, cool nights Rutherglen Muscat Shiraz, Riesling, Marsanne, Chardonnay, Sangiovese, Gamay King Valley & Alpine Valley - high altitude, cool climate, experimental grades (Sangiovese, Graciano, Mondeuse); lower altitude sites Chard and Shiraz
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Port Phillip Zone
Victoria Varied soil (sand-clay-volcanic) Range of climate conditions, altitude and maritime influences -Yarra Valley -Mornington Peninsula -Geelong (windy Pinot noir)
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Yarra Valley
Victoria, Port Philip Zone Cool and wet Under-ripeness and fungal disease Sandy or clay loam to well-draiend red volcanic soil Pinot (full-bodied and fruity) Chard (most planted, citrus, high acid) Cab, Shiraz
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Mornington peninsula
Victoria, Port Philip Zome Maritime climate, high humidity, late ripening, prolonged fall Varied soils Boutique producers PN, Chard, PG
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Geelong Region
Victoria, Port Philip Zone Cool, coastal with strong wines Varied soils Geelong Pinot - new world fruit, purity plus complexity and structure of Burgundy; never as much alcohol as CA or as "fruity" as Central Otago
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Western Victoria Zone
Red wine dominated Pyrenees Region - cooler, inland, large diurnal shift; soils often improved with gypsum and lime; Shiraz, Cab, SB, Chard Grampians- mediterranean, higher altitude, limestone, temperate, tannic & peppery Shiraz and sparkling shiraz Bendigo- relatively warmer extravagant reds from cab and Shiraz
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New South Wales
Most Populated Elevation and latitude important Climate like Languedoc with more rain Brett is an issue, so more SO2 used Wine tourism Big River Zone: Riverina, Murray-Darling, Swan Hill Central Range Zone: Mudgee, Orange, Cowra Hunter Valley Canberra District
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Riverina
New South Wales, Big Rivers Zone 2nd largest wine-producing region in Australia Flat plains, varied soils Warm climate, higher humidity later in season Chard, Semillon, Shiraz, Cab, Muscat Gordo Blanco & Sultana Casella (Yellow tail) called "South East Australia wines" wine factory Murray river for irrigation Drought Issues Riverina Botrytis Semillon - Sauternes style
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Murray Darling
New South Wales, Big Rivers Zone Stretches to Victoria soil holds little water little rainfall low cost high yield grapes bulk production, Improving depends on Irrigation Bin 65 brand
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Central Ranges Zone
New South Wales Cooler climate Concentrated chard and cab Riesling and sauv Blanc at high sites Reds in the lower vineyards Mudgee - oldest unbroken history of vicitulture; higher altitude, cooler climate, frost and cold nights delay budbreak; Chard, Semillon, Riesling, Cab, Shiraz Orange Region - elevation, varying soil; Chard, SB, Cab, Merlot, Shiraz Cowra - continental climate, flat plains, irrigation, some slopes, Chard is key (and age-worthy), mostly generic lower priced varietal production though
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Hunter Valley Zone
New South Wales Australia's oldest region Hot climate Prone to rain during harvest Winter and spring drought Humid afternoons, afternoon cloud cover reduces stress on vines Shiraz, Semillon, Chard, Verdelho, Cab, Tempranillo, Sangiovese, Pinot Gris
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Lower Hunter
New South Wales Volcanic basalt soils Active phylloxera Huge vintage variation Rain at harvest - grey rot Semillon & age-worthy Shiraz cloudy, hot, humid cloudy means lower abv earthy shiraz and some vine disease
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Upper Hunter
New South Wales Chardonnay and Semillion Lower Rainfall rosemont here rain in pre harvest weeks Irrigated vineyards
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Hunter Valley Semillon
acidic and neutral but in time evolves into complex wines with honeyed toasty notes (10-20 years); not traditionally oaked
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Hunter Valley Shiraz
med body, savory, earthy, iodine moderately tannic long-lived close to N Rhone style
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Canberra District Region
New South Wales Small wineries Continental climate - frequent threat of spring frost, recurring spring and summer drought, high diurnal range, cool harves season Site climate diversity PN, Riesling, Chard, SB, Semillon, Cab, Shiraz
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Western Australia
SW corner Isolated 3% of total production but 30% of awards Boutique wineries, high prices Includes Greater Perth Zones: Swan District and Swan Valley South West Australia Zone: Margaret River, Great Southern
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Greater Perth Zone
Western Australia Peel,Perth hills, swan Warm to hot Mediterranean, dry summers, harvest in Jan Fremantle Doctor - sea breezes provide relief from heat Varying soil Chenin, Chard, Verdelho Swan District - Houghton (Australian icon)
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Margaret River
Western Australia, South-West Australia Zone Temperate maritime climate Cooling from Indian Ocean Fremantle Doctor Strong winds at spring can disrupt flowering Broad range of climate sites Lack of available water limits growth Warmer sites - Bordeaux blends, Rhone varietals, Zin Cooler sites - Chard, Semillon, SB Margaret River Chardonnay - very important, Leeuwin, green pineapple, dried pear, citrus, lime Margaret River Cab - rivals Coonawarra, more earthy and minerally
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Great Southern 4
South West Australia Region Western Austrailia High quality Cool climate Varied terroir and climate Frankland Mt. Barker Pemberton Manjimup Cab, Shiraz, Riesling, PN, Chard, Verdelho
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Tasmania
Varied soils Pinot, chard, Riesling, PG, Merlot, Cab, Shiraz historically sparkling Cool Sunny Isolated Small Potential Locally consumed High acid Bad weather can affect flowering Quality
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Terra Rossa
Red- brown loam or clay on top of limestone
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James Busby
Father of Australian Viticulture Studied in France "treaties on Culture of the Vine" NSW property wrote manual with plain directions brought vine cuttings to Australia Sent vine cuttings to New Zealand, 1st winemaker there
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Len Evans
Saw move from fortified to table wine writer made blind tasting a sport was set to take over with flying winemakers but the investor dies Educated people on Aussie wine till his death
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Charles Stuart University
1976 New South Wales Distance Learning Program Now center of National Wine and Grape Industry
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Roseworthy agricultural college
South Australia 1883 Great contributor to Aussie and New Zeland Industry 1991 relocated to AWRI and CSIRO site
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CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Reseach Organization 1926 Development of wine in Australia expanded over the years flavor development in berries has important varieties and rootstocks water use issues
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AWRI
Australia Wine Research Institute South East Adelaide 1955 Seminar and workshops world wine over 800 papers published a year
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Special Late Harvest
15% abv minimum fresh ripe grapes that have naturally desiccated
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Climate East Coast
New South Wales and Queensland weather from the tropics (sub tropic) even rainfall humidity
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Chardonnay
growing in popularity used in blends Oaking and MLF common Trend for unoaked too
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Semillon
Varietal Labeling is a challenge Riverland and Riverina Best from Hunter Valley Light with crisp acid
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Cab Sauv
Coonawarra cool climate think skin and loose bunches fight rot and mildew
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shiraz
in every australian state old vines in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia Grange Icon clonal diversity Shiraz and viognier growing
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Australia's Climate
The worlds driest inhabited continent with a hot interior
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Australia's soil
ancient, eroded and nutrient-poor soils with great diversity
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Australia's Grapes
Chardonnay, sauv blanc, semillion, riesling, shiraz, cab sauv, merlot, grenache, pinot noir
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Australia's viticulture
vine-growing is concentrated in cooler coastal areas moderated by the Southern and Indian Oceans, vineyards are also planted at higher elevations, irrigation is impereative, the warm, dry climate produces very ripe grapes
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The importance of Large Scale Blending
Vineyards and wineries are often widely seperated and trucked hundreds of miles to a winery for vinification. Many are blends from multiple growing sites far removed the objective of attaining consistent flavors from year to year not limited to bulk production (penefolds grange)
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Harvest
labor in short supply they use mechanical harvest and pick at night to preserve freshness and acidity
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The label integrity program
requires 85% minimum across the board- grape, vintage, region
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Geographical Indications (GI)
define geopgraphical areas much like the AVAs in the US
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GI Categories from largest area to smallest
Country Australia (100% grapesfrom here) South-Eastern Australia State of Origin Zones Regions Sub-Regions
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Southeastern Australia GI
a massive geographical area covering 5 states. This GI is integral for the practice of blending for mass-market wines and meeting EU appellation requirements
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New South Wales climate
cooler and wetter near the coast dry and arid inland
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New South Wales topography
The Great Dividing Range runs north to south, separating the wet coastal regions from the dry interior
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Important GIs of the New South Wales
Hunter Valley-Hunter GI, Riverina GI
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Hunter Valley-Hunter GI climate
hot and humid, moderated by wind and cooling effect of the sea
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Hunter Valley-Hunter GI topography
gentel, flat river valley
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Hunter Valley-Hunter GI grape
semilion
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Riverina GI grapes
semilion, chardonnay, shiraz, merlot
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Riverina GI viticulture and vinification
50% of wine production, irrigation required, known for blk table wine, fortified wines and botrytis-affected dessert wines
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Victoria Vinification
sparkling, still, fortified, dessert
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Important GIs of Victoria
Yarra Valley GI, Rutherglen GI, Murray-Darling GI
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Yarra Valley GI climate
cool, humid, maritime
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Yarra Valley GI grapes
chardonnay, pinot noir, shiraz
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Yarra Valley GI vinification
still and sparkling
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Rutherglen GI grapes
Muscadelle, shiraz, brown muscat
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Rutherglen GI vinification
still and fortified dessert wines called stickies
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Murray-Darling GI
important region for bulk wine
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South Australia climate
Broad range of climates, warm dry and Mediterranean moderated by cool breeze from the South Ocean, cooler climates at higher levels
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Important GIs of South Australia
Barossa Valley GI, Eden Valley GI, McLaren Vale GI, Clare Valley GI, Coonawarra GI
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Barossa Valley GI climate
mediterranean
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Barossa Valley GI grapes
shiraz, grenache, cab sauv
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Barossa Valley GI viticulture
extremely old vines due to prevention of phylloxera
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Eden Valley GI climate
cooler, higher elevation
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Eden Valley GI grapes
riesling, chardonnay, shiraz
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Eden Valley GI vinification
reisling vinified dry
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McLaren Vale GI climate
warm
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McLaren Vale GI grapes
shiraz, grenache
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Clare Valley GI climate
warm continental hot days and cool nights
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Clare Valley GI grapes
riesling, shiraz, cab sauv
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Clare Valley GI viticulture and vinification
high altitude, dry riesling, mostly red
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Coonawarra GI climate
cool, mediterranean
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Coonawarra GI soil
best vineyards are on a narrow 9-mile strip with Terra Rossa soil; a vivid red soil over limestone base
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Coonawarra GI grape
Cabernet Sauvignon
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Western Australia Important GIs
Margaret River GI,
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Margaret River GI climate
warm maritime
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Margaret River GI grapes
chardonnay,semillion, sauv blanc, cab sauv, shiraz, merlot
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Which of the following is the largest Australian GI?
South-Eastern Australia
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Which region is famous for its Terra Rossa soil?
Coonawarra
266
The Clare Valley and the Eden Valley are most noted for which style of wine
Dry Riesling
267
Sparkling wines production thrives in Victoria due to which factor?
Proximity to the ocean
268
Why does the Barossa Valley have many 100+ year old vines ?
Absences of phylloxera
269
Eden Valley style of wine
Dry riesling
270
Yarra Valley style of wine
shiraz
271
Barossa Valley style of wine
Shiraz
272
Hunter Valley style of wine
semillion
273
Coonawarra style of wine
Cabernet Sauvignon
274
Rutherglen style of wine
Muscat-based sweet wines
275
Clare Valley style of wine
Dry Riesling
276
McLaren Vale style of wine
Shiraz
277
Cygne blanc
white Australian wine grape variety that is a seedling of Cabernet Sauvignon that was discovered in 1989 in Western Australia. "first truly Australian grape variety".
278
Lower Murray Zone
Riverland region
279
Barossa Zone
Barossa region Eden Valley region
280
Fleurieu Peninsula Zone
McLaren Vale region Langhorne Creek
281
Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
Clare Valley Adelaide Hills Piccadilly Valley
282
Limestone Coast Zone
Coonawarra Padthaway
283
How much wine from NZ is exported?
Almost half
284
How much wine from Australia is exported?
Almost 75%
285
Do Australia and NZ make good bulk wines?
Deliver excellent value through bulk wine.
286
How do they transport wine in NZ and Australia?
Not bottled, transport in big containers to be bottled at destination country
287
What region is the powerhouse of Australia wine?
Southern
288
Where were the first vineyards in Australia?
New South Wales
289
What is the climate in New South Wales?
Diverse! Coastal, alpine, inland rivers
290
What wine region is in New South Wales?
Hunter Valley
291
Where are the distinct regions in Australia?
Surrounding Adelaide
292
Wine regions in Australia?
Barossa Valley Adelaide Hills McLaren Vale Riverland Coonawarra (limestone coast)
293
Who planted vineyards in Barossa Valley, SA
German Immigrants in 1847
294
What is the most famous wine region in Australia?
Barossa Valley
295
What is the climate in McLaren Vale, SA?
Coastal and cooler
296
What wines does Riverland, SA produce?
Bulk wine.
297
What soils are found in Coonawarra, SA
Limestone soils. "Terra Rossa" clay is the red clay
298
What wines are Tasmania known for?
Pinot noir + sparkling wine
299
What climate is in Tasmania?
Cool maritime climate
300
Wine region in western Australia?
Margaret River
301
What happened in 2004 in Australia?
Forrest fires damaged grapes.
302
When is the greatest damage during a fire to grapes?
During verasion aka ripening
303
TOP VARIETIES in Australia?
Shiraz, Chardonnay, Cab Sav
304
Australia world rankings?
6th largest producer, 4th largest exporter
305
What wine is known in Barossa?
Shiraz
306
What are the river lands known for?
Big wineries
307
Is new zealand a big country?
NO, only 4.4 million people.
308
What is Australia had success with?
Non traditional blends, Cab/Shiraz, Chardonnay, Semillion
309
What has NZ redefined?
Sauvignon Blanc
310
What are typical aromas for NZ Sauvignon blanc?
Gooseberry, grapefruit, grassy, cat pee
311
What are the distinct aromas caused by?
Climate, underripe grapes, machine harvest, native yeast
312
Trends in NZ viticulture,
Increased bulk exports, slower planting of Sauvignon Blanc
313
Wine regions in NZ
Gisborne Hawkes Bay Martinborough Marlborough Waipara Valley Central Otago
314
What wines are Hawkes Bay/Gisborne known for?
Merlot, Cab Sav, Syrah, Chardonnay
315
What is characteristic of Hawkes Bay/Gisborne Syrah?
Peppery notes
316
What is Martinborough known for?
Pinot Noir
317
Biggest NZ wine region?
Marlborough
318
What wine is Marlborough known for?
Sauvignon Blanc
319
What is a fast growing wine region in NZ?
Canterbury
320
What wines does Canterbury produce?
Aromatic wines: riesling, pinot gris, gewurtzraminer
321
What wine does Central Otago produce?
Pinot Noir
322
What is the largest winery in NZ?
Montana Brancott winery. Huge bulk wine production, fermentation tank 1 million L
323
What is a famous winery in marlborough?
Bladen Wines
324
What is the top wine in NZ?
Sav Blanc, but pinot noir gaining steam
325
NZ wine rankings
15th largest wine producer
326
Where are vineyards located in NZ?
North and south island
327
How many wineries are in NZ?
~700
328
NZ agriculture trends
Machine harvest (not a big ag labor force)
329
Wine Business
Lots of dif categories, viticulture, enology, winery, supplies, wholesale, Retail, writer, educator
330
Wine and Food Pairing guidlines
Be creative!
331
What wines should go with intense foods?
Intense wines
332
What wines should go with rich foods?
Acidic wines
333
Sweet wines should go with?
Desserts!
334
Tannin wines should go with?
Protein rich foods
335
The South Eastern Australia multi-state zone includes?
The entire states of: Victoria New South Wales Tasmania Wine growing regions of: South Australia Queensland
336
Which states are the most planted in Australia?
#1 South Australia #2 New South Wales #3 Victoria #4 Western Australia Other 2 are around 1% of total plantings
337
Where is the Big River Zone?
New South Wales
338
Where is the Central Ranges Zone?
New South Wales
339
Where is the Hunter Valley
New South Wales
340
Where is the Northern Rivers Zone?
New South Wales
341
Where is the Northern Slopes Zone?
New South Wales
342
Where is the South Coast Zone?
New South Wales
343
Where is Murray Darling located?
Split between Big River Zone, New South Wales & North West Victoria, Victoria
344
Where is Swan Hill located?
Split between Big River Zone, New South Wales & North West Victoria, Victoria
345
Where is Riverina located?
Big Rivers, New South Wales
346
Where is Perricoota located?
Big Rivers, New South Wales
347
Where is Cowra?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
348
Where is Mudgee?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
349
Where is Orange?
Central Ranges, New South Wales
350
Where is Broke Fordwich?
Hunter Valley, New South Wales
351
Where is Pokolbin?
Hunter, Hunter Valley, New South Wales
352
Where are Shoalhaven Coast & Southern Highlands located?
South Coast, New South Wales
353
Where is the Canberra District located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
354
Where is Tumbarumba located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
355
Where is the Hilltops located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
356
Where is Gundagai located?
Southern New South Wales, New South Wales
357
Where is Hastings River located?
Northern Rivers, New South Wales
358
Where is the Adelaide Superzone Located?
South Australia
359
Which Zones are in the Adelaide Superzone?
Barossa Fleurieu Mount Lofty Ranges
360
What are the 2 regions of the Barossa Zone?
Barossa Valley Eden Valley
361
Where is McLaren Vale?
Fleurieu, South Australia
362
Where is Currency Creek located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
363
Where is Kangaroo Island located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
364
Where is Langhorne Creek located?
Fleurieu, South Australia
365
Where is Adelaide Hills located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
366
Where is Adelaide Plains located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
367
Where is Clare Valley located?
Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
368
Where are the sub-regions Lenswood & Picadily Valley?
Adelaide Hills, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia
369
Where is the Limestone Coast located?
South Australia
370
Where is Lower Murray located?
South Australia
371
Where is Coonawarra located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
372
Where is Mount Benson located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
373
Where is Padthaway located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
374
Where is Robe located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
375
Where is Wrattonbully located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
376
Where is Mount Gambier located?
Limestone Coast, South Australia
377
Where is Riverland located?
Lower Murray, South Australia
378
1788
Grapes brought by british prisoiners
379
50% total production
South australia
380
Bag in the box
Invented in australia
381
$4.5 Bil
Gross sales 2003
382
5th
What place is Australia by volume of production in the world?
383
Who developed zero pruning to restrict vigor
CSIRO commonwealth scientific & research institute
384
Riverland
South Australia- bulk wine- must be irrigated
385
Riverina
New South Wales- bulk wine- must be irrigated
386
What 2 areas account for 40% of the nations production
Riverland & Riverina
387
Important soil feature
Salty
388
Grange
Shiraz debuted in 1951 as grange Hermitage
389
Who made the 1951 grange
Max Schubert
390
Name Henschke's top wine
Hill of grace Shiraz
391
What is Yalumbas top Shiraz?
Octavius
392
What is Clarendon hill top wine?
Astralis
393
What is Torbecks Shiraz called?
RunRig
394
Biggest hazards
Droughts and fire
395
Who regulated the Australian wine industry?
Australian wine and brandy corporation AWBC
396
When was the AWBC established?
1981
397
0.85
Grape, vintage and region
398
Regions are defined by?
GI geographical indications
399
Definition of GI
Single tract of land with at last 5 independently owned vineyards of 5 ht. Min output of 500 tons annually
400
Name the states in the SOUTH EASTERN AUSTRALIA GI
Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales and parts of Queensland and south Australia
401
Where was the first vineyard planted?
New South Wales 1788
402
What separates the coast from the arid interior in NSW?
Great dividing range
403
What % of production is New South Wales?
0.25
404
Who owned yellow tail? Where do the grapes come from?
Casella- Riverina in NSW
405
What wine dose De Bortoli make?
Nobel One- botrytiserd bulk semillon
406
Name a top hunter valley semillon
Tyrrell's vat 1
407
Where is hunter valley?
New South Wales
408
What is the soil type in hunter valley?
Volcanic basalt
409
Tumbarumba is know for making what wine?
Sparkling from chard and Pinot
410
Regions in New South Wales.
Big river- central ranges- hunter valley- north rivers- northern slopes- south coast- Southern New South Wales Western plains
411
Sub regions of hunter valley 3
Hunter= Broke fordwich Pokolbin Upper hunter
412
Sub regions of southern New South Wales
Canberra district= Tumbrarumba Hilltops Gunsagai
413
Victoria
Smallest and coolest state on mainland- cool martime climate
414
What cools Victoria?
Cool breezes from Antarctic into port Phillip
415
What grape is called hunter Riesling?
Semillon
416
Chaptalisation
Not allowed
417
Where is the mount Mary winery?
Yarra valley- Victoria
418
Victoria is known for?
Cool climate and premium wines
419
What French champagne house is in the yarra valley?
Domain Chandon- 1987
420
Soil types in yarra valley?
Grey brown sandy clay & red volcanic
421
Who owned Shiraz vines from 1860?
Tahbilk in goulburn valley- Victoria
422
In 2020 no more tokay on labels instead the will say what?
Topaque
423
What are the classifications for Muscat of Rutherglen?
Muscat 5y. 180-240 g/l Classic 10y. 200-280 g/l Grand 15y. 270-400g/l Rare 20+y 270-400g/l
424
Regions of Victoria
Central Victoria Gippsland North east Victoria North west Victoria Port Phillip Western Victoria
425
Sub regions of central Victoria
Bendigo Goulburn= nagambie lakes Heathcote strathbogie ranges Upper goulburn
426
Subregions of north east Victoria
Alpine valley Beechworth Glenrowan King valley Rutherglen
427
Sub regions of north west Victoria shared with NSW?
Murray darling Swan hill
428
Sub regions of port Phillip
Geelong Macedon ranges Mornington peninsula Sunbury Yarra valley
429
Sub regions of western Victoria
Grampians= great western Henty Pyrenees
430
Where do Australia's best Cabernet come from?
Coonawara- limestone coastal zone in south Australia
431
Name 2 famous coonawara cabs
Magellan Parker estate first growth
432
Where is terra Rossa famous?
Coonawara
433
Len Evans
(1930- 2006), promoter, taster, judge, consumer, teacher, and maker of wine who did more to advance the cause of wine in australia than any other individual. Born in England, architect, pro golf. Arrived in Sydney, Australia, 1955, immersion in wine for Chevron Hilton Hotel. By 1965 was the first National Promotions Executive for the Australian Wine Board. One of the few to see that future lay in table wine rather than in sweet fortified drinks. Natural performer and publicist, caused such a stir that Australians were convinced that real men could indeed drink table wine. By 1969 he was writing books and articles on wine, left the Wine Board, was starting up the Rothbury Estate in the hunter valley and establishing his own restaurant-cum-dining club at Bulletin Place by Sydney Harbour. Transformed blind tasting into a competitive sport, oversaw the creation of a game predicated on it, the options game, which raised substantial sums for charity under his direction. Late 1970s, financed by a tax lawyer friend Peter Fox, acquired properties in graves, sauternes, and the napa Valley, with plans to staff them using an early version of the flying winemaker concept. Apptd chairman of judges at the Royal Sydney Show. In 1981, Peter Fox was killed in a crash, Evans Wine Company thrown into turmoil - Rothbury, plus Petaluma winery in the adelaide hills, survivived. Awarded an Order of the British Empire & Chevalier de l'Ordre du Mérite Agricole in 1994. In 1996, Rothbury, with Saltram and St Huberts, hostile takeover bid from brewers Fosters, owners of Beringer Blass wines. Evans Family Wines and the establishment of Tower winery and luxurious lodge in the Hunter Valley became his chief endeavor. Commemorated by Len Evans Tutorial, an annual orgy of blind tasting.
434
James Busby
(1801- 71), the so-called father of australian viticulture, born in Edinburgh became interested in agriculture in Ireland, before leaving Scotland for Australia, became convinced that wine could be made in the colony so spent several months studying viticulture and winemaking in France. At 24 2rote first book, Treatise on the Culture of the Vine, on 5-month voyage on the Triton, at the time considered too scientific, lacking in simple directions. 800 ha 1980 acre land grant made to Busby on the Hunter River in new south wales in 1824, property was named Kirkton. in 1830 his second and more successful book A Manual of Plain Directions for Planting and Cultivating Vineyards and for Making Wine in New South Wales. Busby, like others of his time, extolled the virtues of wine drinking compared with the then common excessive spirits consumption in the colony. His book contains the much quoted 'The man who could sit under the shade of his own vine, with his wife and children about him, and the ripe clusters hanging within their reach, in such a climate as this, and not feel the highest enjoyment, is incapable of happiness and does not know what the word means.' Busby's greatest contribution to Australian viticulture: in 1831 spent four months touring Europe, mainly to collect vine cuttings for Australia, 680 vine varieties (not necessarily all different) from the botanical gardens of montpellier, Luxembourg in Paris, and Kew in London, as well as from other parts of France and Spain. Shipped to Sydney w/ seeds of various vegetables, and by Jan 1833 was reported to be growing in the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Appointed first British Resident at the Bay of Islands in New Zealand and, through his and others' efforts, NZ became a British possession in February 1840 with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by some fifty Maori chiefs. Credited with being first person to make wine in NZ.
435
History of Aussie Wine
Potential recognised for winemaking in 1788 on establishment of the colony. Vineyards have spread throughout each (marginally in Northern Territory) of the states. Long heritage of fortified wines (Sherry and Port styles and Muscats) Heavy investment in equipment, knowledge and vineyard has led rapidly to being recognised as a quality wine producer in many markets.
436
Australian Wine Trade
Leads export markets with a combination of competitive prices, consistent quality and market-led style production. This is essential because the domestic market is small and static. Success with varietally labelled wines that give a wine drinker a clear idea of what they can expect when they buy a bottle. Clear concept of marketing and creating labels, both back and front that appeal to the shopper.
437
Three potential threats to the Australian wine industry
• Climate change and impact on water availability and quality. Supply-demand imbalances leading sometimes to over-production while capacity grows. Aggressive pricing with wine sold at heavily discounted prices with little profit for the company
438
Australian Wine Laws
Old labelling terms of Burgundy, Claret, Chablis etc have been phased out in agreement with EU law. Geographical Indications (GI) committee formed in 1993 to determine the GI for wine in Australia. Not appellations; do not specify grapes, methods or wine styles (this would restrict experimentation). Ensures validity of information on the bottle label. 85% of stated variety, 85% of stated origin, 85% of stated vintage.
439
Australia Topography
Vineyards generally planted near the coast on flat or rolling countryside, due to the arid, desert conditions of inland Australia, exception of Murray-Darling where the rivers once provided plentiful water for irrigation, now water shortage is a major issue.
440
Australia Climate
Some cool climate regions such as Tasmania and high altitude mainland sites. Overall climate is hot Mediterranean near the coast, however major differences between the wine-making zones. Vintage takes place between February and April, May in the cooler regions.
441
Australia Soil
The full impact of soil in Australia is still being researched but many wines are made from regions that display recognisable regional characteristics and premiums paid for fruit from prestigious regions such as Coonawarra and Mclaren Vale. Even the large 'South Eastern Australian' blends can combine characteristics from different regions to contribute to the overall balance and complexity.
442
Australia Region Structure
South Eastern Australia super-zone State Zone eg, New South Wales Area zone - eg, Big Rivers Zone Region eg, Riverina Note: South Eastern Australia covers 95% of total Australian vineyards allows blending from different regions while still qualifying for third country wine status in the EU. Often large volume branded wines.
443
Australia New South Wales (state) regions
Big Rivers Zone=incl Murray-Darling, Riverina, Riverlands New South Wales (state) zone New South Wales - Main area Hunter valley. Warm, humid, cloudy region 160km north and inland from Sydney. Central Ranges Zone - 3 regions on slopes of Western ranges inland from Sydney; Mudgee, Orange and Cowra. Hilltop region, new plantings at very high altitudes, various reds, Chardonnay and Semillon grown.
444
Australia Big Rivers Zone-New South Wales
Murray-Darling Riverina Riverlands Water for irrigation from rivers. Mainly inexpensive varietal & basic table wine. Mainly mass production area badly affected by three years of drought from 2007 making price of water unaffordable against return on inexpensive wines. This as led to a reduction in vineyard area. Some excellent quality sweet botrytised Semillon from Riverina.
445
Australia Hunter Valley-NSW
Soils predominantly volcanic basalt. High rainfall at harvest, so grey rot a problem. Grafted vines due to phylloxera. Success of region due to tourism/close proximity to Sydney. Some importation of grapes from more reliable areas. Soft, earthy Shiraz; Semillon w/low sugar, high acidity, flavours of honey and toast. Upper Hunter sub-region, drier with irrigated vineyards, Chardonnay dominates.
446
Australia Central Ranges Zone -NSW
Mudgee Orange Cowra Cooler climate gives concentrated Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon. White varieties such as Sauvignon Blanc and Riesling planted at higher altitudes with reds planted in the lower vineyards around 600m.
447
Canberra District
Small district, increase in plantings due to Constellation. High altitude vineyards with frost a problem, producing delicate Pinot Noir and Riesling.
448
Australia Victoria (state) zone
Historically important, old vineyards destroyed by phylloxera. Diverse region accounting for 25% of total production. North-West Victoria Zone Murray-Darling region, large quantities of healthy fruit for bulk wine production. Port Phillip Zone - Zone encircles Port Phillip Bay with a number a regions. Yarra Valley (cool wet), Mornington Peninsula (maritime) Geelong (barren & windy. All specializing in Chard & Pinot
449
Australia Yarra Valley
stretches from the north eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Soil varies, from sandy or clay loam to red volcanic soil. Planted on slopes of 50 to 470m above sea level. Climate cool wet, under-ripeness and fungal diseases a problem. Main grapes Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon in warmer sites and Pinot Noir. Most widely planted grape is Chardonnay with citrus character and crisp acidity. Pinot Noir of high quality produced, with a style that is full bodied and fruity without being jammy
450
Australia Mornington Peninsula & Geelong (jhu-LONG)
Mornington Peninsula region, south of Melbourne maritime climate, boutique producers specialising in Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. Geelong barren and very windy. Also a centre for Pinot Noir production.
451
Australia - North-East Victoria (state) Zone
Rutherglen region, famous for Liqueur Muscats and Tokays and some red. King Valley and Alpine Valley- high altitude, cool climate w/ experimental varieties ie Sangiovese, Graciano, Mondeuse. Lower altitude sites success with Chardonnay, Shiraz.
452
Australia Central Victoria Zone 4
Goulburn Valley Heathcote Upper Goulbourn Strathbogie ranges regions produce distinctive whites from Rhone varieties Marsanne, Rousanne and Viognier; quality Rieslings, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.
453
Australia Western Victoria Zone 3
Grampians Region at end of Great Dividing Range has limestone rich soils. recognised for excellent sparkling wines, incl Shiraz, made in cellars chiselled out of ancient caves found in the area. Also makes powerful, tannic still Shiraz. Pyrenees region on rolling countryside, cooler climate produces full bodied reds and fine styles of Chardonnay. Bendigo region warmer than the Pyrenees and produces extravagant reds from Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon.
454
Australia Tasmania
Small, southerly cool climate region. Historically sparkling wine producer, now also still elegant Pinot Noir white wines from Alsatian varieties, Chardonnay, Riesling.
455
Australia South Australia Area zones within South Australia zone 5
43% of total production, phylloxera free with strict quarantine restrictions of vineyard material and machinery from out of state. Area Zones within S Australia Zone Lower Murray Zone - Riverland region, large quantities for bulk wine. Healthy fruit with little disease risk due to the hot climate and low rain fall. Hot climate leads to sugar ripeness before phenolic ripeness. Barossa Zone - Barossa region, Eden Valley region Fleurieu Peninsula Zone - McLaren Vale region, Langhorne Creek Mount Lofty Ranges Zone - Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills, Piccadilly Valley Limestone Coast Zone -Coonawarra, Padthaway
456
Australia Barossa Zone
Barossa region, north of Adelaide, settled in the 19th century by German immigrants, soils limestone and ironstone, hot climate, top wines from old bush vine Shiraz, Grenache, Cabernet Sauvignon and Mataro (Mourvedre). Classic Barossa Shiraz full-bodied, soft spicy developing aromas of leather with age. Surrounding hills (Eden Valley region) high quality, medium-bodied dry/off-dry high acidity Rieslings, Lime and lemon developing into honey, petrol and toast with age.
457
Australia Fleurieu Peninsula Zone
McLaren Vale region, south of zone, cooled by ocean breezes. Red wines with soft juicy fruit and full body produced from Cabernet, Shiraz, Merlot, Grenache. Langhorne Creek produces earthy full-bodied Shiraz.
458
Australia Mount Lofty Ranges Zone 3
Clare Valley region, cooler climate, light-bodied, austere Rieslings with ageing potential. Adelaide Hills, cool, specialises in Chardonnay with elegance, high acidity and nectarine and lemon characters. Growing confidence with Sauvignon Blanc. Piccadilly Valley has Chardonnay resembling Sauv Blanc due to high acidity and flavour structure. Also base for sparkling wine production, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Riesling, Semillon.
459
Australia Limestone Coast Zone
400km south-east of Adelaide, cool climate, influenced by ocean currents. Coonawarra soils of red terra rossa soil over limestone base = top quality Cabernet Sauvignon. Spring frost, rain at harvest, under ripeness of fruit are main viticultural problems. Similar soils found in surrounding regions. Padthaway has a warmer climate with richer fruit flavours.
460
Australia Western Australia (state) Zone
Relatively small production, has become a high quality, high prices on int'l. market. Greater Perth Zone - Swan Valley region, very hot climate, dry summers. Historic region. South-West Australia Zone - Main region Margaret River, Great Southern region - Frankland River and Mount Barker are sub-regions of Great Southern region
461
Australia South-West Australia Zone
South-West Australia Zone - Main region Margaret River, maritime climatel dry warm summers, wet winters due to proximity to sea. Strong spring winds can disrupt flowering. High salt content in ground water makes dams for irrigation essential. Outstanding Bordeaux blends, varietal Cab, elegant Chardonna & herbaceous, aromatic Semillon produced. Great Southern region - Frankland River and Mount Barker are sub-regions. Young vineyard area, experimentation with varieties still occurring. Known for full bodied Cabernet Sauvignon, peppery Shiraz and pure fruit driven Riesling. Pemberton region produces good Pinot Noir
462
Australia Grape Varieties
Approximately 90 different grape varieties grown. Top grafting common to change variety quickly. 8 main white, 8 main red varieties are grown. Red - Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Ruby Cabernet, Grenache, Mataro (Mourvedre), Cabernet Franc. White - Chardonnay, Thompson Seedless, Semillon, Riesling, Muscat Gordo Blanco, Sauvignon Blanc, Colombard and Verdelho. All for high qual varietals and blends, Thompson, Muscat GB, Colombard used for bulk wine.
463
Australia Shiraz
Many low yielding old vines pulled in the 1980's vine-pull scheme. Remaining old vines a major factor in quality Shiraz. Soft, spicy wine, develops leather and caramel with age in hot climates. Elegant with peppery characters in cool climates. Multi-region blends combine the characters. Blended with Cabernet Sauvignon, giving softness and body. Shiraz-Viognier Cote Rotie style blends made by some producers. Other experimental blends produced.
464
Australia Cabernet Sauvignon
Dark blackcurrant and blackberry with high acidity and firm tannins. Single varietal or blend with Shiraz or Merlot. Classic regions include Coonawarra and Margaret River.
465
Australia Chardonnay
Planted widely, range of different styles. Blending throughout regions common; each contributing different aromas, and degrees of oak, lees and malolactic characters. Oak treatment often used (chips, staves in tank, barrel fermentation and ageing), recent trend for un-oaked Chardonnay. Also blended with Semillon.
466
Australia Riesling
Riesling - Citrus fruit developing into toast, honey and petrol with age. Unoaked and usually dry. Classic regions include Eden and Clare Valley.
467
Australia Semillon
Planted widely for blending. Classic region is Hunter Valley producing light-bodied wines with crisp acidity developing toast, nut and honey with age. Herbaceous style produced in Western Australia similar to Sauvignon Blanc.
468
Australian Influence
Influence on wine production, marketing, and even distribution huge: enormous influence on wine world of late 20th century. Viticulturists pioneered sophisticated canopy management techniques, niceties of irrigation (partial rootzone drying), hi-tech soil mapping. Aussie winemakers travelled, exp the northern him where the harvest is opposite, imbuing many wineries w/ Australian technology, obsession with hygiene, record water usage (see flying winemakers). Commitment to long hours, ignoring weekends, evenings, at critical periods at harvest. Graduates of oenology/viticulture courses at Australian universities such as Adelaide and Charles Sturt university are now dispersed around the world. Australian wine research institute (AWRI) increasingly recognized as one of most important, and practical, forces in academe. World's largest and canniest wine company, E & J gallo of California, recruited an Australian to lead its wine research department into the new millennium. Overtook France to be most important exporter of wine to UK, o at the beginning of the century, and went on to perform the same trick in US, but Aussie wine this popular only temporarily w/ Americans. Success of Yellow tail tarnished image, came to be dismissively associated with 'critter brands'. Such late-20th-century success developing/ selling brands to suit the modern international marketplace, so for many years seen as a model even by such experienced wine exporters as the French. Alliances between Australian companies and global players in the drinks trade have been a notable feature of the globalization of the wine trade
469
Geographical Indications
(GI) catch-all term intended to cover various approaches to geographical delimitation across the globe, including straightforward systems of new world countries that control only the origin of grapes, as well as the European appellation model that regulates conditions of production such as variety and yield. GIs can vary greatly in size and consequently in the promise of specificity they convey. South Eastern Australia and France's Pays d'Oc both immense, covering many thousands of hectares, whereas the smallest, such as the Burgundy grands crus, cover just a few hectares. But in every case, should be more than a mere indication of source. They must signify a link between a place and the characteristics of the wines that are produced there. Geographical indications recognized as a special form of intellectual property in 1994 through the WTO's Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property. The agreement defines a GI as 'an indication that identifies a good as originating in the territory of a country, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, or reputation, or other characteristic, of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin'. This definition applies not only to wine but all products. All 158 member countries of WTO required to provide means for legal protection of GIs against misuse. Wines and spirits have higher level of protection than other products but each country interprets obligations differently, resulting in a diverse range of approaches to GI protection as well as controversy. Many countries have incorporated the term 'geographical indication' directly into their legislation, including Australia and China. The eu created the Protected Geographical Indication (pgi) category for wines in 2008 although this is seen as a lower guarantee of typicality than the more strictly controlled Protected Designation of Origin (pdo) category.
470
Australia Special Late Harvested
term which should according to eu labelling law be applied to wines made in Australia from 'fresh ripe grapes of which a significant proportion have been desiccated under natural conditions in a manner favouring the concentration of sugars in the berries'. In South Africa, refers to a lighter style of dessert wine harvested at a minimum of 22 ºBalling and with at least 11% alcohol. If the residual sugar is less than 20 g/ l, the label must indicate whether the wine is extra dry, dry, semi-sweet, or sweet. www.wosa.co.za/ sa/ varieties_styles.php
471
Australia Stickie
Australian term for sweet, usually fortified, wines. Typical examples are the topaques and muscats of rutherglen and Glenrowan in North East victoria.
472
Australia CSIRO
(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), one of world's largest most diverse research institutions. Its charter covers research into areas of economic, environmental, and social benefit to australia. Early research solving immediate problems of adaptation of northern hemisphere practices, irrigation, and pest and disease control to the new Australian regions. After WWII research broadened to include nematology (see nematodes), irrigation, hydrology, and basic vine physiology. In the 1960s, there was an even greater shift in emphasis to viticultural research. A new laboratory was opened in Adelaide to accommodate a group of plant (largely vine) physiologists. An early result of research was the introduction of the complementary management techniques of minimal pruning and mechanical harvesting. Around this time, the grapevine germplasm collection was established at Mildura and now contains around 680 varieties of many species. vine breeding and selection has yielded a number of new varieties such as tarrango, taminga, tyrian, and cienna as well as successful table and drying grapes. In the 1990s, CSIRO extended its research to encompass computer modelling of vine growth, water and nutrient application, yield estimation, and precision viticulture. genetic modification is an increasingly important avenue of research in viticulture worldwide, and CSIRO achieved the transformation Sultana and a range of wine grape varieties in the late 1990s. The genes controlling colour were also identified. New CSIRO wine-grape research initiatives include a focus on disease resistance, ripening, and flavour and aroma development in berries, this last aimed at understanding the management and genetics of grape flavour and aroma and links to final wine quality. Results of CSIRO research have given Australian viticulturists access to improved varieties, rootstocks resistant to salt and nematodes, and water and nutrient management strategies suited to different environments.
473
Roseworthy
town north of Adelaide in state of south australia, close to Barossa Valley, known in the wine world for Australia's first agricultural college, established in 1883. Trained a high proportion of winemakers and viticulturists in Australia and New Zealand and contributed greatly to the technical standing of the Australian wine industry until 1991 when relocated to the Waite campus of the University of Adelaide, where the australian wine research institute and csiro were already sited.
474
Charles Sturt University
one of Australia's foremost research and teaching institutions for grape-growers and winemakers. Courses started in 1976 within the Riverina College of Advanced Education, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW) to satisfy the need, within the rapidly growing wine industry, for a teaching institution in addition to roseworthy. In 1989, the College combined with other regional teaching institutions in NSW to form Charles Sturt University (CSU). Distance education (DE), initially a controversial option for the wine industry, now predominant means of learning, allowing students to continue in their current profession while studying. CSU also offers its degrees through partner institutions in New Zealand and elsewhere in Australia. In 1997, CSU joined the NSW Government's Department of Primary Industries and the NSW Wine Industry Association to form the National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, conducts research and offers extension services to assist the wine industry in applying best practice.
475
Pernod Ricard
First significant wine acquisition in 1989, the Orlando Wyndham Group of Australia included the brand jacob's creek. Etchart of Argentina, owner of Graffigna, followed in 1992, and then in 2005 Allied Domecq which included not just an array of spirits, but Montana (now brancott estate), and Stoneleigh in New Zealand, Campo Viejo in Rioja, and Mumm and Perrier-Jouët champagnes. In 2013 the company invested in the Chinese wine brand Helan Mountain of Ningxia and in 2014 acquired Kenwood Vineyards of California.
476
Penfolds
Makers of Australia's most famous fine wine Penfolds Grange, now owned by treasury wine. Penfolds' first vineyard founded in 1844 at Magill, South Australia, by Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold. For more than 100 years, Penfolds, like most Australian wineries, concentrated on producing fortified wines and brandy, much of which was exported to the UK. In 1950, Max Schubert, then chief winemaker, visited Europe, primarily to observe the making of sherry in Spain, but detoured on the way home to visit Bordeaux, where he was taken in hand by Christian cruse. This inspired him to adopt an entirely new approach to fermentation techniques and the use of new oak, the aim being simultaneously to protect the varietal flavour of Shiraz while adding a level of complexity previously unknown in Australia. Schubert's ambition was to create a red that would rival the finest wines of Bordeaux for both quality and the potential to improve with age for up to 50 years. This he achieved with Penfolds Grange (known as Penfolds Grange Hermitage until eu authorities objected to this misappropriation of a French place-name), now widely acknowledged to be Australia's greatest wine. The first vintage of Grange, named after Dr Penfold's cottage in Magill, was 1951; all early vintages were made from Shiraz grapes grown at Magill and Morphett Vale, Adelaide, and the wine was matured in new American oak for 12 months. So intense did the first vintages seem that they were rejected as maverick 'dry port'. In 1957, Schubert was ordered to cease production of Grange; instead he took the operation underground, emerging three years later when maturing vintages began to fulfil their promise. In fact, fine vintages of Grange improve for up to 30 years and beyond (the 1952 and 1953 vintages were still magnificent), and the wine became the first new world wine to become an internationally acknowledged collectible. Fruit from Kalimna in the Barossa Valley was introduced in 1961, boosted by grapes from the Clare and Koonunga Hill vineyards. Small amounts of Cabernet Sauvignon are included in most vintages of Grange, and the wood-ageing period has been lengthened to between 18 and 20 months. The wine is not released until five years after the vintage. A string of award-winning red wines from Penfolds followed, many identified by bin numbers which originated in the winery stock-keeping system. Of particular note is Bin 707 Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1998 Penfolds released the first vintage of its super-premium Yattarna Chardonnay, now recognized as one of Australia's finest. A stream of 'Special Bin' luxury reds followed in the early 2000s, not least the 2008 Bin 620 Cabernet/ Shiraz, priced in line with first growth bordeaux, and 2010 Bin 170 Kalimna Shiraz that is even more expensive. If prices are a guide, Penfolds has truly arrived on the luxury catwalk. As of 2014 the brand was owned by treasury wine estates.
477
Lifestyle Winery
term coined in new zealand for a small winery established and run, typically by an educated young to middle-aged couple who have access to funds generated by another career, more for its bucolic appeal than as a strictly commercial proposition.
478
Constellation Brands
term coined in new zealand for a small winery established and run, typically by an educated young to middle-aged couple who have access to funds generated by another career, more for its bucolic appeal than as a strictly commercial proposition.
479
Australia Wine Shows
Now a universal phenomenon, and have occupied a particularly important place in Australia's wine culture, taking place in each australian state's capital, with some uniquely Australian features. Each class (established by variety and vintage( s)) is judged by a panel of three judges, one being panel chair, and three associate judges. If one or more of the judges has given gold medal points to a wine, it will automatically be retasted and discussed and the show chair may well be called in. The trophies and medals awarded to the more successful exhibitors are used extensively in marketing and promotion, and are accepted as reliable indicators of quality by retailers and consumers alike. But the greater long-term benefit has been for the winemaker judges, drawn from the leading wineries and schooled by chairs in the tradition of Len evans.
480
Ruby Cabernet
red vinifera Carignan x Cabernet Sauvignon cross bred in and for california in 1936 and released in 1948. Dr H. P. Olmo of the University of California at davis (see also emerald riesling, carnelian) was attempting to combine Cabernet characteristics with Carignan productivity and heat tolerance. The slightly rustic Ruby Cabernet enjoyed a heyday in California in the 1960s and even in 2012 was still grown on more than 6,000 acres/ 1,482 ha, mainly in the southern san joaquin valley (though is only half as popular as the red-fleshed hybrid rubired). It is even more popular in South Africa where it was grown in 2012 on a total of 2,250 ha, mainly in hotter inland wine regions, and has also been grown quite extensively in Australia's inland regions; indeed Ruby Cabernet appeared increasingly on Australian wine labels during the country's red wine shortage of the late 1990s.
481
Partial Rootzone Drying
or PRD, Australian irrigation technique designed to control vine vigour and maintain wine quality with minimum interference to yield. Developed by scientists Dry and Loveys from the University of adelaide and csiro, after observation of basic vine physiology in response to water stress. Initially using vines with divided root systems, they discovered that when only a portion of a vine's root system was drying, transpiration was reduced and shoot growth was slowed as a consequence of the production of the hormone abscisic acid by drying roots. Field experiments with Cabernet Sauvignon showed that it was possible to control shoot vigour and reduce the amount of water needed while maintaining yield and quality. This was achieved with two drip irrigation lines per row, used alternately for irrigation while the other part of the root system was drying. The results from these studies have been used to interpret some of the known beneficial effects of water stress, especially for red wine quality. Commercial adoption in vineyards has been limited thus far. However, research on grapevines and other crops has clearly shown that PRD can generate a unique physiological response that is distinct from what happens with conventional irrigation, including regulated deficit irrigation.
482
Regulated Deficit Irrigation
(RDI), an irrigation scheduling technique which uses strategially managed mild water stress at key stages of fruit development to reduce vegetative growth and improve berry ripening and thus improve grape quality. RDI was first applied on peach and pear orchards in Australia in the 1980s. Research showed that it restricted shoot growth without significantly affecting yield. Now common practice in many vineyards around the world, especially in those planted to black grape varieties, due to the greater benefits to grape colour. Mmain benefits are less competition between berry ripening and vegetative growth, better water conservation, and reduced berry size. Successful application requires careful monitoring of evapotranspiration and soil water content and typically results in slightly lower yields. It is most effectively applied through drip irrigation, which allows the application of small amounts of water. RDI is more stressful to the vine than partial rootzone drying and its use in hot regions can cause problems if its application is followed by a spell of hot weather: vines with limited soil moisture can suffer extremes of water stress, which may, for example, lead to rapid loss of leaves. This situation can be alleviated by carefully monitoring weather forecasts and applying some irrigation. Water deficit is generally applied between fruit set and a week or so after veraison but is generally avoided in the later stages of berry ripening
483
Dryland Viticulture
viticulture relying entirely on natural rainfall, and a term used, sometimes as a sales pitch, only in regions where irrigation is common. There can be little doubt that some European areas with both moderate rainfall and Mediterranean climates, now practising fully dryland viticulture, could in some circumstances improve their wine quality if limited irrigation were allowed. Excessive water stress causes loss of photosynthesis and eventually of the leaves themselves, and can seriously prejudice normal ripening. On the other hand, even in New World regions where irrigation is widely practised, dryland vineyards are often prized for the quality of their fruit, for which some wineries will pay a premium, thereby allowing such vineyards to remain economical. As water shortages become more prevalent, dryland viticulture is likely to become more common., at least in regions of moderate rainfall.
484
Len Evans - Quick Facts
(1930- 2006), A promoter, taster, judge, teacher, and maker of wine who diid more to advance the cause of wine in australia than any other individual. Born in England - architect and pro golfer and was later recognized for his contribution in England. Arrived in Sydney in 1955, immersed in wine and by 1965 was the first National Promotions Executive for the Australian Wine Board. One of the few to see that future was in table wine rather than in sweet fortified drinks. As a performer he caused such a stir that Australians were convinced that real men could indeed drink table wine. Started the Rothbury Estate in the Hunter valley Created the options game - which raised money for charity. Acquired properties in graves, sauternes, and the napa Valley, with plans to staff them using an early version of the flying winemaker concept. In 1996 was part of a hostile takeover bid from Fosters, owners of Beringer Blass wines. Evans Family Wines and the Tower winery and luxurious lodge in the Hunter Valley became his chief endeavor. Commemorated by the "Len Evans Tutorial", an annual orgy of blind tasting.
485
Australia - History
1788 vines brought to Australia 1824 - James Busby immigrated bringing cuttings from Spain and France Mid 20th Century - shift from port and sherry-style to table and fine wines Last 30 years - growth, emphasis on quality, increased technology, production
486
Australia, generally
4% of world wine production 5th largest exporter consistent quality Wine drinker has a clear idea of what they can expect in the bottle Good marketing Almost 50% is cask or bag-in-box Exports to UK, US, China (growing)
487
Australia Trade
Australian Wine Research Institute - helped establish high standards; growing backlash against "brand Australia" Creation of SE Australia vs. terroir-driven wines 5 companies control more than 50%: Treasury Accolade Pernod Ricard Australian Vintage Casella
488
Threats to Australian wine industry
Domestic market is static Climate change - fire, drought, floods; water availability Water issues Over supply Aggressive pricing leaves little profit
489
Australian Influence
Canopy Management Partial Rootzone Drying Soil Mapping Flying winemakers Hygiene Water Usage AWRI
490
Australian Laws
85% - variety, vintage, region No restrictions on grape varieties, methods, styles Super Zone - SE Australia - 95% of wine Zones Regions Subregions Phasing out generic terms
491
Australian Topography
Generally planted on coast Flat or rolling countryside Inland is arid and dessert EXCEPTION - Murray-Darling - rivers once provided plentiful water for irrigation, now drought threatens this
492
Australia climate
Overall hot med Cooler at latitude and altitude Winter-spring rainfall, dry summer, early autumn, needs irrigation In New South Wales - sub-tropical with more rainfall, high temps, high humidity
493
Australia Viticulture
varied soils Mostly wire trained - mechanization (80%) Some old un-grafted bush trained Shiraz in Barossa & McLaren Vale Sustainable viticulture Heavily dependent on irrigation (High salt content in water table) Phylloxera free in S. Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and parts of New South Wales Rain, mildew, humidity, summer fires, frosts, droughts, floods
494
Water Stress
evaporation and root zone drying much depends on humidity pre verasion stops shoot tip growth, limits berry size and phenolics leaves wilt and berries shrivel closes stomata and hormones in reaction- reduces photosynth can cause dormancy reduces fruit set
495
Minimal pruning
CSIRO zero pruning seen Bulk wines and Coonawarra natural state philosophy many short shoots as opposed to more long ones produces more fruit but delays ripening host to pests good in hot and dry climate
496
Partial Rootzone Drying
Controls vigor without affecting yield less water needed two lines of irrigation that alternate mimics positive water stress
497
Regulated deficit Irrigation
mild water stress at stages of fruit development to reduce vegetative growth and improve ripening. Reduces shoots without affecting yields black grapes have more color reduced berrie size more stressful than partial root zone drying, especially if followed by hot weather Fruit set through version avoided during ripening
498
Australia Vinification
Large-scale vineyards (few wineries - 20 companies produce 87% of the wine) Grapes often travel long distances in tankards from vineyards to corporate cellars High tech equipment and techniques Acidification common Chaptalization prohibited Screwcaps - 85-90% Goal - max preservation of varietal fruit flavor and soft, supple texture Achieve consistency through blending
499
South East Autralia
95% of total wine production Blending across most of Australia for varietally-labeled EU exported wines (part of) Queensland NSW Victoria South Australia Tasmania blended wines
500
South Australia
Reputation for large-scale mediocre wines but some high quality appellations and producers Phylloxera free - strict quarantine Dominates output - 43% SE Corner Barossa Zone (Eden Valley) Mount Lofty Ranges (Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills) Fleurieu zone (McLaren Vale, Langhorne Creek) Limestone coast Zone (Coonawarra, Padthaway) Lower Murray Zone (Riverland)
501
Barossa Valley
South Australia Mediterranean climate with large diurnal range and low humidity Soils vary - clay loam, sandy, limestone, ironstone Riesling once dominated 150 year old vines; ungrafted, bush vines, dry farmed Shiraz, Cab, Grenache, Mourvedre, Semillon, Riesling Penfolds Urban sprawl Scarce water Trend to move into hills Old rhone style 2 styles of Shiraz: Ultra ripe, high alcohol, dark chocolate OR Shiraz-Cab blends INCL Eden Valley
502
Eden Valley
South Australia Barossa Zone Cool climate - later ripening Hilly with sandy loam, clay loam, gravel soils Riesling, Shiraz, Cab, Chardonnay Lime Riesling, dry or off dry, not as full bodied Less fruit less alcohol more floral Riesling Med body Shiraz, restrained, high acid
503
Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
South Australia Clare Valley, Adelaide Hills
504
Clare Valley
South Australia, Mount Lofty Zone Continental - cool afternoon breezes, low humidity Terra Rosa topsoil over limestone to broken slate Riesling is great - light bodied, lime, steely, dry Shiraz, Cab, Malbec, Semillon Med + alch (not high) Ages well Some noble rot
505
Adelaide Hills
South Australia, Mount Lofty Zones High, cool - warm days, cool nights, big diurnal range, irrigation needed Chard, SB, Riesling, Cab, Merlot, PN, Shiraz, Grenache Chardonnay - excellent reputation, boutique producers, pronounced fruit (nectarine), whole bunch pressent, barrel fermentation, partial MLF, batonnage Piccadilly Valley - Chard resembles SB due to high acid Chard as base for sparkling wine Fine Sauvignon Blanc Low altitude areas for Shiraz and cab Shiraz often with Viognier
506
Fleurieu Zone
South Australia Maritime Cool ocean breezes Cab, Shiraz, Merlot, Grenache Unspoiled zone Kangaroo is a vine paradise Incl. McLaren Vale, Langhorne Creek Region
507
Mclaren Vale
South Australia, Fleurieu Zone Narrow band of land between sea nd Mt. Lofty Range Ocean breezes temper climate; substantial variation in mesoclimate Soil types vary, site selection important Small wineries Jacobs creek juice Chard, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon SHIRAZ AND CAB Dry land Grenache Intensively planted New plantings of Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Mourvedre, Barbera - suited to Mediterranean climate Reds rich + alcohol
508
Langhorne Creek
South Australia, Fleurieu Peninsula Zone Flat river delta landscape Alluvial and sandy loam soils Shiraz and cab, often blended Large yields of medium body red Jacobs creek Temperate climate
509
Limestone Coast Zone
Southern Australia Cool, influenced by ocean currents High quality Wrattonbully, coonawarra, padthaway Water table Spring frost Rain at harvest Under ripeness issue
510
Coonawarra
South Australia, Limestone Coast Zone Narrow strip of land Maritime climate - dry, cool summers, cold Antarctic current; persistent cloud cover Flat land, mechanized Cabernet Sauvignon (60%), Shiraz, Chard, Riesling Terra Rossa soil over limestone Spring frost, rain at harvest, under-ripeness, drought Dominated by large producers Coonawarra Cab - pure fruit expression; structured, intense, mineral cabs Picked in April
511
Padthaway
South Australia, Limestone Coast Moderately cool maritime Grape growing more than wine-making Mainstream varieties - richer fruit flavors Good chard Quality Shiraz Yields affect quality Lindemans here, bring in fruit
512
Lower Murray Zone
South East Australia Riverland is it's only region Most productive region in nation Irrigated by Murray Drought issues Grape quality improving "South East Australia" Bulk Healthy fruit little disease Hot climate - continental Little rain Sugar ripe before phenolic ripe Varied soil
513
Riverland
South East Australia Big river zones Lower Murray Zone Along Murray Australia's largest wine producing region Over 30% of nations crush Changing from bulk to quality Cheap, oak chips Irrigated by Murray Drought issues Chard, Shiraz, Cab, Merlot; also Arneis to Zinfandel in new varieties
514
Victoria
Most producers of any state 3rd most wine - 25% SE corner Castella from Swiss Victorian Era: WWII, phyllox and changes collapsed Diversity
515
Central Victoria Zone
Marsanne, Rousanne, Viognier, Riesling, Shiraz, cab Goulburn Valley: warm inland valley moderated by lakes and creeks; red and brown sandy loam, yellow-brown clay, gravelly quarts sands; some of oldest Marsanne in the world Heathcote: 500 million year old Cambrian Greenstones soil of decomposed igneous rock (red and brown), temperate climate, striking shiraz, + alcohol, rich
516
North East Victoria Zone
Continental climate - warm summer and autumn, cool nights Rutherglen Muscat Shiraz, Riesling, Marsanne, Chardonnay, Sangiovese, Gamay King Valley & Alpine Valley - high altitude, cool climate, experimental grades (Sangiovese, Graciano, Mondeuse); lower altitude sites Chard and Shiraz
517
Port Phillip Zone
Victoria Varied soil (sand-clay-volcanic) Range of climate conditions, altitude and maritime influences -Yarra Valley -Mornington Peninsula -Geelong (windy Pinot noir)
518
Yarra Valley
Victoria, Port Philip Zone Cool and wet Under-ripeness and fungal disease Sandy or clay loam to well-draiend red volcanic soil Pinot (full-bodied and fruity) Chard (most planted, citrus, high acid) Cab, Shiraz
519
Mornington peninsula
Victoria, Port Philip Zome Maritime climate, high humidity, late ripening, prolonged fall Varied soils Boutique producers PN, Chard, PG
520
Geelong Region
Victoria, Port Philip Zone Cool, coastal with strong wines Varied soils Geelong Pinot - new world fruit, purity plus complexity and structure of Burgundy; never as much alcohol as CA or as "fruity" as Central Otago
521
Western Victoria Zone
Red wine dominated Pyrenees Region - cooler, inland, large diurnal shift; soils often improved with gypsum and lime; Shiraz, Cab, SB, Chard Grampians- mediterranean, higher altitude, limestone, temperate, tannic & peppery Shiraz and sparkling shiraz Bendigo- relatively warmer extravagant reds from cab and Shiraz
522
New South Wales
Most Populated Elevation and latitude important Climate like Languedoc with more rain Brett is an issue, so more SO2 used Wine tourism Big River Zone: Riverina, Murray-Darling, Swan Hill Central Range Zone: Mudgee, Orange, Cowra Hunter Valley Canberra District
523
Riverina
New South Wales, Big Rivers Zone 2nd largest wine-producing region in Australia Flat plains, varied soils Warm climate, higher humidity later in season Chard, Semillon, Shiraz, Cab, Muscat Gordo Blanco & Sultana Casella (Yellow tail) called "South East Australia wines" wine factory Murray river for irrigation Drought Issues Riverina Botrytis Semillon - Sauternes style
524
Murray Darling
New South Wales, Big Rivers Zone Stretches to Victoria soil holds little water little rainfall low cost high yield grapes bulk production, Improving depends on Irrigation Bin 65 brand
525
Central Ranges Zone
New South Wales Cooler climate Concentrated chard and cab Riesling and sauv Blanc at high sites Reds in the lower vineyards Mudgee - oldest unbroken history of vicitulture; higher altitude, cooler climate, frost and cold nights delay budbreak; Chard, Semillon, Riesling, Cab, Shiraz Orange Region - elevation, varying soil; Chard, SB, Cab, Merlot, Shiraz Cowra - continental climate, flat plains, irrigation, some slopes, Chard is key (and age-worthy), mostly generic lower priced varietal production though
526
Hunter Valley Zone
New South Wales Australia's oldest region Hot climate Prone to rain during harvest Winter and spring drought Humid afternoons, afternoon cloud cover reduces stress on vines Shiraz, Semillon, Chard, Verdelho, Cab, Tempranillo, Sangiovese, Pinot Gris
527
Lower Hunter
New South Wales Volcanic basalt soils Active phylloxera Huge vintage variation Rain at harvest - grey rot Semillon & age-worthy Shiraz cloudy, hot, humid cloudy means lower abv earthy shiraz and some vine disease
528
Upper Hunter
New South Wales Chardonnay and Semillion Lower Rainfall rosemont here rain in pre harvest weeks Irrigated vineyards
529
Hunter Valley Semillon
acidic and neutral but in time evolves into complex wines with honeyed toasty notes (10-20 years); not traditionally oaked
530
Hunter Valley Shiraz
med body, savory, earthy, iodine moderately tannic long-lived close to N Rhone style
531
Canberra District Region
New South Wales Small wineries Continental climate - frequent threat of spring frost, recurring spring and summer drought, high diurnal range, cool harves season Site climate diversity PN, Riesling, Chard, SB, Semillon, Cab, Shiraz
532
Western Australia
SW corner Isolated 3% of total production but 30% of awards Boutique wineries, high prices Includes Greater Perth Zones: Swan District and Swan Valley South West Australia Zone: Margaret River, Great Southern
533
Greater Perth Zone
Western Australia Peel,Perth hills, swan Warm to hot Mediterranean, dry summers, harvest in Jan Fremantle Doctor - sea breezes provide relief from heat Varying soil Chenin, Chard, Verdelho Swan District - Houghton (Australian icon)
534
Margaret River
Western Australia, South-West Australia Zone Temperate maritime climate Cooling from Indian Ocean Fremantle Doctor Strong winds at spring can disrupt flowering Broad range of climate sites Lack of available water limits growth Warmer sites - Bordeaux blends, Rhone varietals, Zin Cooler sites - Chard, Semillon, SB Margaret River Chardonnay - very important, Leeuwin, green pineapple, dried pear, citrus, lime Margaret River Cab - rivals Coonawarra, more earthy and minerally
535
Great Southern
South West Australia Region Western Austrailia High quality Cool climate Varied terroir and climate Frankland, Mt. Barker, Pemberton, Manjimup Cab, Shiraz, Riesling, PN, Chard, Verdelho
536
Tasmania
Varied soils Pinot, chard, Riesling, PG, Merlot, Cab, Shiraz historically sparkling Cool Sunny Isolated Small Potential Locally consumed High acid Bad weather can affect flowering Quality
537
Terra Rossa
Red- brown loam or clay on top of limestone
538
James Busby
Father of Australian Viticulture Studied in France "treaties on Culture of the Vine" NSW property wrote manual with plain directions brought vine cuttings to Australia Sent vine cuttings to New Zealand, 1st winemaker there
539
Len Evans
Saw move from fortified to table wine writer made blind tasting a sport was set to take over with flying winemakers but the investor dies Educated people on Aussie wine till his death
540
Charles Stuart University
1976 New South Wales Distance Learning Program Now center of National Wine and Grape Industry
541
Roseworthy
South Australia 1883 Great contributor to Aussie and New Zeland Industry 1991 relocated to AWRI and CSIRO site
542
CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Reseach Organization 1926 Development of wine in Australia expanded over the years flavor development in berries has important varieties and rootstocks water use issues
543
AWRI
Australia Wine Research Institute South East Adelaide 1955 Seminar and workshops world wine over 800 papers published a year
544
Special Late Harvest
15% abv minimum fresh ripe grapes that have naturally desiccated
545
Climate East Coast
New South Wales and Queensland weather from the tropics (sub tropic) even rainfall humidity
546
Chardonnay
growing in popularity used in blends Oaking and MLF common Trend for unoaked too
547
Semillon
Varietal Labeling is a challenge Riverland and Riverina Best from Hunter Valley Light with crisp acid
548
Cab Sauv
Coonawarra cool climate think skin and loose bunches fight rot and mildew
549
shiraz
in every australian state old vines in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia Grange Icon clonal diversity Shiraz and viognier growing
550
Australia's Climate
The worlds driest inhabited continent with a hot interior
551
Australia's soil
ancient, eroded and nutrient-poor soils with great diversity
552
Australia's Grapes
Chardonnay, sauv blanc, semillion, riesling, shiraz, cab sauv, merlot, grenache, pinot noir
553
Australia's viticulture
vine-growing is concentrated in cooler coastal areas moderated by the Southern and Indian Oceans, vineyards are also planted at higher elevations, irrigation is impereative, the warm, dry climate produces very ripe grapes
554
The importance of Large Scale Blending
Vineyards and wineries are often widely seperated and trucked hundreds of miles to a winery for vinification. Many are blends from multiple growing sites far removed the objective of attaining consistent flavors from year to year not limited to bulk production (penefolds grange)
555
Harvest
labor in short supply they use mechanical harvest and pick at night to preserve freshness and acidity
556
The label integrity program
requires 85% minimum across the board- grape, vintage, region
557
Geographical Indications (GI)
define geopgraphical areas much like the AVAs in the US
558
GI Categories from largest area to smallest
Country Australia (100% grapesfrom here) South-Eastern Australia State of Origin Zones Regions Sub-Regions
559
Southeastern Australia GI
a massive geographical area covering 5 states. This GI is integral for the practice of blending for mass-market wines and meeting EU appellation requirements
560
New South Wales climate
cooler and wetter near the coast dry and arid inland
561
New South Wales topography
The Great Dividing Range runs north to south, separating the wet coastal regions from the dry interior
562
Important GIs of the New South Wales
Hunter Valley-Hunter GI, Riverina GI
563
Hunter Valley-Hunter GI climate
hot and humid, moderated by wind and cooling effect of the sea
564
Hunter Valley-Hunter GI topography
gentel, flat river valley
565
Hunter Valley-Hunter GI grape
semilion
566
Riverina GI grapes
semilion, chardonnay, shiraz, merlot
567
Riverina GI viticulture and vinification
50% of wine production, irrigation required, known for blk table wine, fortified wines and botrytis-affected dessert wines
568
Victoria Vinification
sparkling, still, fortified, dessert
569
Important GIs of Victoria
Yarra Valley GI, Rutherglen GI, Murray-Darling GI
570
Yarra Valley GI climate
cool, humid, maritime
571
Yarra Valley GI grapes
chardonnay, pinot noir, shiraz
572
Yarra Valley GI vinification
still and sparkling
573
Rutherglen GI grapes
Muscadelle, shiraz, brown muscat
574
Rutherglen GI vinification
still and fortified dessert wines called stickies
575
Murray-Darling GI
important region for bulk wine
576
South Australia climate
Broad range of climates, warm dry and Mediterranean moderated by cool breeze from the South Ocean, cooler climates at higher levels
577
Important GIs of South Australia
Barossa Valley GI, Eden Valley GI, McLaren Vale GI, Clare Valley GI, Coonawarra GI
578
Barossa Valley GI climate
mediterranean
579
Barossa Valley GI grapes
shiraz, grenache, cab sauv
580
Barossa Valley GI viticulture
extremely old vines due to prevention of phylloxera
581
Eden Valley GI climate
cooler, higher elevation
582
Eden Valley GI grapes
riesling, chardonnay, shiraz
583
Eden Valley GI vinification
reisling vinified dry
584
McLaren Vale GI climate
warm
585
McLaren Vale GI grapes
shiraz, grenache
586
Clare Valley GI climate
warm continental hot days and cool nights
587
Clare Valley GI grapes
riesling, shiraz, cab sauv
588
Clare Valley GI viticulture and vinification
high altitude, dry riesling, mostly red
589
Coonawarra GI climate
cool, mediterranean
590
Coonawarra GI soil
best vineyards are on a narrow 9-mile strip with Terra Rossa soil; a vivid red soil over limestone base
591
Coonawarra GI grape
Cabernet Sauvignon
592
Western Australia Important GIs
Margaret River GI,
593
Margaret River GI climate
warm maritime
594
Margaret River GI grapes
chardonnay,semillion, sauv blanc, cab sauv, shiraz, merlot
595
Which of the following is the largest Australian GI?
South-Eastern Australia
596
Which region is famous for its Terra Rossa soil?
Coonawarra
597
The Clare Valley and the Eden Valley are most noted for which style of wine
Dry Riesling
598
Sparkling wines production thrives in Victoria due to which factor?
Proximity to the ocean
599
Why does the Barossa Valley have many 100+ year old vines ?
Absences of phylloxera
600
Eden Valley style of wine
Dry riesling
601
Yarra Valley style of wine
shiraz
602
Barossa Valley style of wine
Shiraz
603
Hunter Valley style of wine
semillion
604
Coonawarra style of wine
Cabernet Sauvignon
605
Rutherglen style of wine
Muscat-based sweet wines
606
Clare Valley style of wine
Dry Riesling
607
McLaren Vale style of wine
Shiraz
608

Penfolds "Bin 707" Cabernet Sauvignon
609

Leeuwin Estate "Art Series" Chardonnay
610

Rockford "Basket Press" Shiraz
611

Brokenwood "Graveyard" Shiraz
612

Chris Ringland Shiraz
613

Clarendon Hills "Astralis" Shiraz
614

Bass Phillip Reserve Pinot Noir
615

Cullen "Diana Madeline" Cabernet-Merlot
616
Giaconda Chardonnay

617

Grosset "Polish Hill" Riesling
618

Moss Wood Cabernet Sauvignon
619

Mount Mary "Quintet" Cabernet blend
620

Torbreck "RunRig" Shiraz
621

Clonakilla Shiraz-Viognier
622

Wendouree Shiraz
623

Wynn's Cabernet Sauvignon
624

Tyrrell's Vat 1 Semillon
625

Jim Barry's Armagh (vineyard)
626
JAMSHEED GARDEN GULLY SYRAH
627

D'Arenberg's "Dead Arm" Shiraz
628

Henschke "Hill of Grace"
629
The most famous australian producer of fortified wines
Seppeltsfield (para port)
630
The most expensive wine of the New World
Kalimna Block 42 Cabernet Sauvignon 2004 Penfolds Ampule
631
Maurice O'Shea
Father of Australia winemaking Mount Pleasant winery Hunter valley
632
the oldest Verdelho plantings in the country - where
Broke Fordwich, a subregion of Hunter
633
Canberra District's famous wine
Clonakilla’s Shiraz
634
Key Producers of Yarra valley:
Yering Station, Yarra Yering, Mount Mary, Domaine Chandon, De Bortoli, Yarra Yarra, Coldstream Hills, Oakridge, Giant Steps, Mac Forbes
635
the smallest and coolest state on the Australian mainland
Victoria
636
Mount Mary
Yarra valley
637
Tahbilk,
Nagambie Lakes subregion of Goulburn Valley, Central Victoria
638
Parker Estate’s “First Growth
Coonawarra
639
Wynns' "John Riddoch
Coonawarra
640
Majella
Coonawarra
641
Yangarra's "High Sands Grr
McLaren Vale Grenache
642
Drew Noon’s Grenache-based “Eclipse”
McLaren Vale
643
Grosset
Polish hill river Clare valley Mount Lofty ranges
644
Yalumba
Eden valley
645
Henschke
Eden valley
646
Cullen
Margaret river
647
Vasse Felix
Margaret river
648
Leeuwin Estate
Margaret river
649
Cape Mentelle
Margaret river
650
Regions of Queensland
Granite Belt South Burnett
651
Barossa zone 2
Barossa valley Eden valley
652
Mount Lofty ranges zone 3
Adelaide hills Adelaide plains Clare valley
653
Fleurieu 5
McLaren Vale Southern Fleurieu Kangaroo Island Currency creek Langhorne Creek
654
Limestone coast 6
Coonawarra Mount Benson Robe Mount Gambier Padthaway Wrattonbully
655
Lower Murray 1
Riverland
656
Far North
Southern Flinders ranges
657
Central Ranges zone 3 regions
Mudgee Orange Cowra
658
Maurice O'Shea founder of?
Mt. Pleasant 1925 Hunter valley
659
Grange Hermitage became Grange from
1990
660
Hill of Grace First vintage
1958
661
,Australia’s leading wine auction house
Langton’s
662
Langton’s created its “Classification of Australian Wine” in
1990
663
“Art Series”
Leeuwin Estate
664
Clarendon Hills "Astralis" Shiraz Region
McLaren Vale
665
Basd Philipp Region
Gippsland Victoria
666
Giant Gippsland earthworm
Австралийский гигантский дождевой червь
667
New Chief Winemaker of Bass Phillip
Jean-Marie Fourrier
668
Giaconda winery Region
Beechworth, Victoria
669
Grosset Polish Hill Vineyard Region
Clare Valley
670
Moss Wood Region
Margaret River
671
Mount Marry Region
Yarra valley
672
Torbreck "RunRig"
Shiraz Barrossa
673
Clonakilla Region
Canberra, New South Wales.
674
Jim Barry Region
Clare Valley
675
“Diana Madeline”
Cullen Cabernet-Merlot
676
Astralis
Clarendon Hills Shiraz
677
Quintet
Mount Mary Cabernet blend
678
critter” labels
Этикетки с животными
679
Wine Australia, a government authority established in
1981
680
Label Integrity Program introduced for the... vintage
1990
681
first GIs rolled out in
1994
682
Regions and sub-regions are defined by Wine Australia as
single tracts of land, comprising at least 5 independently owned vineyards of at least 5 hectares apiece
683
From .... onward Australian producers were barred from using European GIs
2011
684
AWRI
Australian Wine Research Institute
685
CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization
686
RDI
regulated deficit irrigation
687
PRD
partial rootzone drying
688
Capital of South Australia
Adelaide
689
the world’s oldest Syrah/Shiraz vines
Langmeil’s “Freedom” vineyard, planted in 1843 Barossa
690
Australia’s oldest plot of Cabernet Sauvignon vines,
Penfolds’ “Block 42,” in Kalimna in the northern Barossa Valley and dates to 1888.
691
The Laird
Torbreck Shiraz Barossa

Important (32 decks)

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