approaches- comparison of approaches Flashcards
behaviourist approach to development
-processes that underpin learning are continuous, occurring at any stage
social learning theory on development
same as behaviourist processes that underpin learning continuous, occur at any stage
cognitive approach to development
stage theories of child development, particularly idea of increasingly complex schema as child gets older
biological approach to development
genetically determined maturational changes influence behaviour e.g. cognitive/intellectual development
psychodynamic approach to development
most coherent theory of development tying concepts and processes to age-related changes. no change after genital stage
humanistic approach to development
development of the self is ongoing throughout life. childhood is particularly important period e.g. parents provide unconditional positive regard
behaviourist approach to nature versus nurture
-babies born ‘blank slate’ (tabula rasa) at birth
-all behaviour result of learned associations and reinforcements
social learning theory on nature versus nurture
same as behaviourist but also observation and imitation
cognitive approach to nature versus nurture
many of our info processing abilities and schema are innate but are constantly refined by experience
biological approach to nature versus nurture
behaviour stems from genetic blueprint we inherit from our parents (genotype), though expression of this is influenced by the environment (phenotype)
psychodynamic approach to nature versus nurture
much of behaviour driven by biological drivers and instincts, but also a child’s relationships with its parents are crucial
humanistic approach to nature versus nurture
parens, friends and wider society have a critical impact on the person’s self-concept
behaviourist approach to reductionism
reduces complex learning into stimulus-response units for ease of testing in controlled lab environment
social learning theory on reductionism
recognises how cognitive factors interact with external environment
cognitive approach to reductionism
use of computer analogy which ignores the role of human emotion (machine reductionist)
biological approach to reductionism
reduces and explains human behaviour at the level of the gene or neuron
psychodynamic approach to reductionism
reduces behaviour to the influence of biological drives, although also sees personality as a dynamic, holistic interaction between Id, Ego and Superego
humanistic approach to reductionism
anti-reductionist, based on holistic investigation of all aspects of the individual
behaviourist approach to determinism
all behaviour is environmental determined by external forces that we cannot control, e.g. operant conditioning (hard determinism)
social learning theory on determinism
we are influenced by our environment and also exert some influence upon it (reciprocal determinism)
cognitive approach to determinism
suggests we are the ‘choosers’ of our own behaviour, but only within the limits of era we know (soft determinism)
biological approach to determinism
such of our behaviour directed by innate influences (genetic determinism)
psychodynamic approach to determinism
unconscious forces diving our behaviour (psychic determinism) and thee are rationalised by our conscious minds
humanistic approach to determinism
human beings have free will and are active agents who determine their own development
behaviourist explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
-abnormality arises from faulty learning
-behavioural therapies aim to condition new more healthy behaviour
social learning theory explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
principles such as modelling have been used to explain (and reduce), for example aggressive behaviour
cognitive explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
cognitive therapies, such as CBT used in the treatment of depression, aim to eradicate faulty thinking
biological explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
psychoactive drugs that regulate chemical imbalances in the brain have revolutionised the treatment of mental disorders
psychodynamic explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
-anxiety disorders emerge from unconscious conflicts and overuse of defence mechanisms
-psychoanalysis aims to put people in touch with their unconscious thoughts
humanistic explanation and treatment of abnormal/atypical behaviour
humanistic therapy, or counselling, is based on the ida that reducing incongruence will stimulate personal growth
