ANP3 - Anglais pour Psychologues (CC1)

Question 1

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Academic writing

Answer 1

Register used to convey information in an academic work.
It is defined by the conventions associated with academic writing in a scientific field
One of the requirements is the use of formal language (= well-accepted scientific terms & phrases widely used by peers in a subject area)

Question 2

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APA citation standards

Answer 2

Editorial style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) for arranging information in citations.
3 types of in-text citation :
1. Parenthetical citation - reference to current state of knowledge :
“A relationship exists between working memory and ability to… (Jones et al., 1998)”
2. Narrative style in-text citation - researcher as sentence subject :
“Jones et al. (2001) carried out several investigations into …”
3. Time frame prominent - researcher as sentence subject :
‘In 1990, Patel demonstrated that …’

Question 3

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APA referencing standards

Answer 3

Editorial style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) for referencing information in research publications.
- Entries are in alphabetical order
- A hanging indent separates each list item
- Include the first 19 authors’ names, then insert an ellipsis (…), before mentioning the final author’s name
- Surnames come first
- Punctuation -commas (,) and periods/dots (.)- is very precise
- Publication dates are always included in parentheses
- Titles are not italicized
- Names of journals are italicized
- The volume number is italicized but the issue number is not
- Do not use “Vol” and “pp.” before the page numbers
- Include the URL with words ‘Retrieved from’ when a retrieval date is used

Example :

Craik, F.I.M., Rose, N.S., & Gopie, N. (2015). Recognition without awareness: Encoding and retrieval factors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(5), 1271-1281.

Question 4

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APA standards

Answer 4

Editorial style recommended by the APA for arranging information in citations and referencing information in research publications.
The official source for APA style is The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition, published in 2019

Question 5

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Citation

Answer 5

Reference to the work of another author in the body of the report.
(≠ quotation “…”, that are not allowed

Question 6

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et.al.

Answer 6

In-text citation standard that refers to one work carried out by 3 or more authors.
Latin for et alia, which means “and the others”). Ex : Morris et al., 2019

Question 7

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Gap in the literature

Answer 7

Research problem which has either not been addressed appropriately or not at all in a given field of study.
Alternative questions and causes that have not already beeing fully studied and could be investigated

Question 8

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Limitations of a study

Answer 8

Critical thinking of a study and identifying methodological resstrictions that should be addressed in the future.

Question 9

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Literature review

Answer 9

Current state of knowledge on a narrowly defined topic.
Evaluation of a selection of relevant and targeted previously published articles that highlights empirical evidence (what we already know about the topic)

Question 10

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Meta-analysis

Answer 10

Study about previous studies that implies statistical procedure to combine the data from multiple studies (secondary source).

Question 11

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Paraphrasing

Answer 11

Explanation of someone else’s idea in a legitimate way by using different words appropriately.

Question 12

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Patch writing

Answer 12

Inappropriate practise consisting in simply rearranging the original words of someone else’s ideas.

Question 13

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Plagiarism

Answer 13

Using another’s work as its own, without acknowledging the original author.
From the Latin word plagiare, “to kidnap”
Simply substituting words with their synonyms is an inappropriate practise close to plagiarism

Question 14

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Primary research

Answer 14

Empirical study conducted by one or several researchers who gathered and reported the data and reported the results themselves to share new information.
They are published in peer-reviewed journals and imply an IMRAD structure.

Question 15

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Quotation

Answer 15

Group of words taken from an author and repeated by someone else.
Quotation marks : “…”

Question 16

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Research proposal

Answer 16

Submission of a research study project in order to address a gap in the current state of knowledge about the selected topic.

Question 17

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Research question

Answer 17

Core elements of a research proposal. It must be interesting and add new knowledge to what is already known.
A successful research question should be… answerable, researchable, focused / within scope, specific / measurable, original / relevant, complex enough

Question 18

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Secondary research

Answer 18

Review and (re)interpretation of data from several primary sources.
No IMRAD structure (typical of primary research articles), no sample, interpretations of previous results

Question 19

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Theory

Answer 19

General explanation of existing phenomena (supported by evidence).

Question 20

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Theoretical background

Answer 20

Introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem exists.
Defines what is being studied, establishes the importance of the research question, and provides background information

Question 21

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To synthesise

Answer 21

Summarise existing knowledge by comparing and evaluating selected studies (explain similarities & differences, strengths & weaknesses).
Helps to situate the RQ within the academic debate. Show an understanding of the relations, limitations and gaps in the existing literature. Distinguish between unimportant details and what is necessary to build the new research hypothesis

Question 22

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Topic

Answer 22

Global subject of a study.
A good research topic comes from a general research topic (behaviour or psychological traits) that must be narrowed down with relevant sub-topics (specific population and/or extra variable).