Anatomy: Spine

Question 1

how many vertebrae are there

Answer 1

33

Question 2

what separates the vertebrae

Answer 2

intervertebral discs

Question 3

functions of the vertebral column

Answer 3

protection
support
axis
movement

Question 4

protection

Answer 4

encloses and protects spinal cord in the spinal canal

Question 5

support

Answer 5

carries weight of the body above pelvis

Question 6

axis

Answer 6

forms central axis of the body

Question 7

movement

Answer 7

roles in posture and movement

Question 8

how many cervical vertebrae

Answer 8

7

Question 9

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

Answer 9

12

Question 10

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

Answer 10

5

Question 11

how many sacrum vertebrae are there

Answer 11

5 and are fused

Question 12

how many coccyx vertebrae are there

Answer 12

4 and are fused

Question 13

what do all vertebrae have

Answer 13

anterior vertebral body and posterior vertebral arch

Question 14

vertebral arch

Answer 14

lateral and posterior aspect
forms the vertebral foramen with the vertebral body
these all align and form the vertebral canal

Question 15

vertebral body

Answer 15

weight bearing
lower in the column the size will increase
superior and inferior parts are lined with hyaline cartilage
adjacent bodies separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs

Question 16

label the image

Answer 16

Question 17

transverse processes

Answer 17

articulate with ribs in the thoracic vertebrae

Question 18

3 main features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 18

bifid spinous process
transverse foramina
triangular vertebral foramen

Question 19

bifid spinous process

Answer 19

bifurcates at the distal end
except C1 with no spinous process
and C7 with spinous process longer than C2-6 but may not bifurcate

Question 20

transverse foramina

Answer 20

opening in each transverse process
allows vertebral arteries to travel to the brain

Question 21

which 2 cervical vertebrae are unique

Answer 21

C1 atlas
C2 axis
allows specialised head movement

Question 22

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 22

12 medium sized
increase in size superior to inferior
specialised function: rib articulation to produce the bony thorax
has 2 demi facets for rib articulation at the head
transverse processes: costal facet for shaft articulation
spinous processes: orientated obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly in contrast to cervical the foramen is circular

Question 23

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 23

largest in the column
specialised to support the weight of torso
very large and kidney shaped bodies
no transverse foramina, costal facets or bifid spinous processes
triangular shaped foramen
shorter spinous processes than thoracic and don’t extend below the level of the body
size and shape permits needle access to the spinal canal and spinal cord for epidurals and lumbar puncture

Question 24

sacrum

Answer 24

5 fused vertebrae
inverted triangle
apex points inferiorly
on lateral walls are facets for articulation with pelvis at sacroiliac joints

Question 25

coccyx

Answer 25

small bone that articulates with the apex of the sacrum lacks vertebral arches and canal

Question 26

congenital abnormalities

Answer 26

lumbarisation sacralisation

Question 27

lumbarisation

Answer 27

separation of S1 from the sacrum

Question 28

sacralisation

Answer 28

fusion of L5 to sacrum

Question 29

left and right superior articular facets

Answer 29

articulate with the vertebra above

Question 30

left and right inferior articular facets

Answer 30

articulate with the vertebra below

Question 31

how do vertebral bodies indirectly articulate with each other

Answer 31

via intervertebral discs cartilaginous and articular surfaces are covered by hyalinecartilge and connected by intervertebral discs

Question 32

which ligaments strengthen the vertebral body joints

Answer 32

anterior longitudinal posterior longitudinal

Question 33

anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 33

thick prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

Question 34

posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 34

weaker prevents hyeprflexion

Question 35

facet joints

Answer 35

allow some gliding motion between vertebrae strengthened by several ligaments

Question 36

ligaments that strengthen facet joints

Answer 36

ligamentum flavum interspinous and supraspinous intertransverse

Question 37

ligamentum flavum

Answer 37

extends between lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Question 38

interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

Answer 38

join spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae inter are between processes and supra attach to the tips

Question 39

intertransverse ligaments

Answer 39

extends between transverse processes

Question 40

label the image

Answer 40

Question 41

innervation of vertebrae location

Answer 41

spinal nerves exit below the corresponding vertebrae other than in the cervical region where they exit above so there are 8 cervical nerves

Question 42

causes of herniated discs

Answer 42

wear and tear from repeated movement disk degeneration long standing trauma stress fractures congenital abnormalities

Question 43

disk degeneration

Answer 43

with age the discs lose some water content so are harder for support

Question 44

symptoms of herniated discs

Answer 44

pain at site of injury pain numbness or tingling in arms and legs pain worsening when bending, twisting and sitting muscle spasms loss of bladder control loss of coordination heavy feeling limbs trouble balancing

Question 45

treatment for herniated discs

Answer 45

physical therapy and strengthening exercises rest and restriction of physical activity injections to reduce pain and swelling medications and analgesics application of heat or ice

Question 46

surgery options for herniated discs

Answer 46

diseconomy laminectomy

Question 47

what are meninges

Answer 47

membranes connective tissues covering the brain and the spinal cord

Question 48

layers of the meninges

Answer 48

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Question 49

spinal meninges

Answer 49

Question 50

components of the ventricular system

Answer 50

2 lateral ventricles 1 3rd ventricle 1 4th ventricle inter ventricular Foramen (foramen of Monroe) cerebral aqueduct foramen of magendie foramen of luschka

Question 51

lateral ventricles

Answer 51

c shaped cavity large one in each cerebral hemisphere divided into: anterior horn, body, poster horn and inferior horn anterior view shows the inerventricular foramina

Question 52

3rd ventricle

Answer 52

Question 53

4th ventricle

Answer 53

Question 54

median aperture of the 4th ventricle

Answer 54

Question 55

where is CSF made

Answer 55

choroid plexuses

Question 56

route of CSF circulation

Answer 56

lateral ventricles inter ventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle lateral apertures subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations dural venous circulation some flows through the central canal

Question 57

functions of CSF

Answer 57

nourishes the brain protects brain from injuries to a certain extent assists with removing wastes from brain

Question 58

Answer 58

Question 59

Answer 59