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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy: Spine Flashcards

1
Q

how many vertebrae are there

A

33

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2
Q

what separates the vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs

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3
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A

protection
support
axis
movement

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4
Q

protection

A

encloses and protects spinal cord in the spinal canal

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5
Q

support

A

carries weight of the body above pelvis

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6
Q

axis

A

forms central axis of the body

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7
Q

movement

A

roles in posture and movement

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8
Q

how many cervical vertebrae

A

7

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9
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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10
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

A

5

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11
Q

how many sacrum vertebrae are there

A

5 and are fused

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12
Q

how many coccyx vertebrae are there

A

4 and are fused

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13
Q

what do all vertebrae have

A

anterior vertebral body and posterior vertebral arch

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14
Q

vertebral arch

A

lateral and posterior aspect
forms the vertebral foramen with the vertebral body
these all align and form the vertebral canal

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15
Q

vertebral body

A

weight bearing
lower in the column the size will increase
superior and inferior parts are lined with hyaline cartilage
adjacent bodies separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs

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16
Q

label the image

A
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17
Q

transverse processes

A

articulate with ribs in the thoracic vertebrae

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18
Q

3 main features of cervical vertebrae

A

bifid spinous process
transverse foramina
triangular vertebral foramen

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19
Q

bifid spinous process

A

bifurcates at the distal end
except C1 with no spinous process
and C7 with spinous process longer than C2-6 but may not bifurcate

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20
Q

transverse foramina

A

opening in each transverse process
allows vertebral arteries to travel to the brain

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21
Q

which 2 cervical vertebrae are unique

A

C1 atlas
C2 axis
allows specialised head movement

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22
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 medium sized
increase in size superior to inferior
specialised function: rib articulation to produce the bony thorax
has 2 demi facets for rib articulation at the head
transverse processes: costal facet for shaft articulation
spinous processes: orientated obliquely inferiorly and posteriorly in contrast to cervical the foramen is circular

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23
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

largest in the column
specialised to support the weight of torso
very large and kidney shaped bodies
no transverse foramina, costal facets or bifid spinous processes
triangular shaped foramen
shorter spinous processes than thoracic and don’t extend below the level of the body
size and shape permits needle access to the spinal canal and spinal cord for epidurals and lumbar puncture

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24
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae
inverted triangle
apex points inferiorly
on lateral walls are facets for articulation with pelvis at sacroiliac joints

25
Q

coccyx

A

small bone that articulates with the apex of the sacrum
lacks vertebral arches and canal

26
Q

congenital abnormalities

A

lumbarisation
sacralisation

27
Q

lumbarisation

A

separation of S1 from the sacrum

28
Q

sacralisation

A

fusion of L5 to sacrum

29
Q

left and right superior articular facets

A

articulate with the vertebra above

30
Q

left and right inferior articular facets

A

articulate with the vertebra below

31
Q

how do vertebral bodies indirectly articulate with each other

A

via intervertebral discs
cartilaginous and articular surfaces are covered by hyalinecartilge and connected by intervertebral discs

32
Q

which ligaments strengthen the vertebral body joints

A

anterior longitudinal
posterior longitudinal

33
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

thick
prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

34
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

weaker
prevents hyeprflexion

35
Q

facet joints

A

allow some gliding motion between vertebrae
strengthened by several ligaments

36
Q

ligaments that strengthen facet joints

A

ligamentum flavum
interspinous and supraspinous
intertransverse

37
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

extends between lamina of adjacent vertebrae

38
Q

interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

A

join spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
inter are between processes and supra attach to the tips

39
Q

intertransverse ligaments

A

extends between transverse processes

40
Q

label the image

A
41
Q

innervation of vertebrae location

A

spinal nerves exit below the corresponding vertebrae
other than in the cervical region where they exit above
so there are 8 cervical nerves

42
Q

causes of herniated discs

A

wear and tear from repeated movement
disk degeneration
long standing trauma
stress fractures
congenital abnormalities

43
Q

disk degeneration

A

with age the discs lose some water content so are harder for support

44
Q

symptoms of herniated discs

A

pain at site of injury
pain numbness or tingling in arms and legs
pain worsening when bending, twisting and sitting
muscle spasms
loss of bladder control
loss of coordination
heavy feeling limbs
trouble balancing

45
Q

treatment for herniated discs

A

physical therapy and strengthening exercises
rest and restriction of physical activity
injections to reduce pain and swelling
medications and analgesics
application of heat or ice

46
Q

surgery options for herniated discs

A

diseconomy
laminectomy

47
Q

what are meninges

A

membranes
connective tissues covering the brain and the spinal cord

48
Q

layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

49
Q

spinal meninges

A
50
Q

components of the ventricular system

A

2 lateral ventricles
1 3rd ventricle
1 4th ventricle
inter ventricular Foramen (foramen of Monroe)
cerebral aqueduct
foramen of magendie
foramen of luschka

51
Q

lateral ventricles

A

c shaped cavity
large
one in each cerebral hemisphere
divided into: anterior horn, body, poster horn and inferior horn
anterior view shows the inerventricular foramina

52
Q

3rd ventricle

A
53
Q

4th ventricle

A
54
Q

median aperture of the 4th ventricle

A
55
Q

where is CSF made

A

choroid plexuses

56
Q

route of CSF circulation

A

lateral ventricles
inter ventricular foramen
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
lateral apertures
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulations
dural venous circulation

some flows through the central canal

57
Q

functions of CSF

A

nourishes the brain
protects brain from injuries to a certain extent
assists with removing wastes from brain

58
Q
A
59
Q
A

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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