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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Mediastinum > Flashcards

Anatomy: Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

borders of the mediastinum

A

superiorly from the superior thoracic aperture (first rib meets sternum)
inferior is diaphragm
anterior is the sternum
posterior are the 12 thoracic vertebrae
lateral is the mediastinal parietal pleura

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2
Q

division of the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

sternal angle
to intervertebral layer between T4 and T5

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3
Q

superior mediastinum contents

A

sternum
thymus gland
brachiocephalic veins, join to the vena cava
arch of the aorta
trachea

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4
Q

name branches of arch of aorta from left side of body to right

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian

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5
Q

what is in the image

A

thymus gland

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6
Q

what is in the image

A

brachiocephalic veins
that join to form the vena cava

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7
Q

what is in the image

A

arch of the aorta

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8
Q

what is in the image

A

trachea

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9
Q

where does the superior mediastinum terminate

A

superior thoracic aperture

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10
Q

inferior mediastinum location

A

superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm

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11
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum subdivided into

A

anterior
middle
posterior

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12
Q

superior border of the superior mediastinum

A

thoracic inlet

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13
Q

inferior border of the superior mediastinum

A

continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle

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14
Q

anterior border of the superior mediastinum

A

manubrium of the sternum

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15
Q

posterior border of the superior mediastinum

A

vertebral bodies of T1-4

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16
Q

lateral border of the superior mediastinum

A

pleurae of the lungs

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17
Q

great vessels of the superior mediastinum

A

arch of the aorta
superior vena cava

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18
Q

brachiocephalic artery

A

supplies right side of head and neck and right upper limb

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19
Q

left common carotid artery

A

supplies to the left side of the head and neck

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20
Q

left subclavian artery

A

to the left upper limb

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21
Q

brachiocephalic veins

A

draining blood from the upper body

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22
Q

left superior intercostal vein

A

collects blood from left 2nd and 3rd intercostal vein
drains into the left brachiocephalic

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23
Q

supreme intercostal vein

A

drains vein from 1st intercostal space
directly into the brachiocephalic veins

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24
Q

azygos vein

A

receives blood from right posterior intercostals
left intercostals drain into the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos before joining azygos at T7-9

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25
Q

tributaries of the superior vena cava in the superior mediastinum

A

brachiocephalic veins
left superior intercostal
supreme intercostal
azygos

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26
Q

nerves associated with the superior mediastinum

A

vagus
phrenic
cardiac
sympathetic trunk

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27
Q

2 distinct pathways of the vagus nerve

A

right
left

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28
Q

right vagus nerve

A

runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus

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29
Q

left vagus nerve

A

enters superior mediastinum between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
descends anteriorly to the aortic arch before posterior to the left bronchus

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30
Q

left recurrent laryngeal

A

arises from left vagus as it passes the aortic arch
loops under arch to the left of ligament arteriosum
before travelling to larynx in the tracheal-oesophageal groove

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31
Q

phrenic nerve

A

anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle
roots C3-5
enter laterally to the great vessels
descend anteriorly into the middle mediastinum, passes anterior to the hilum of the lungs

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32
Q

cardiac nerves

A

originate from superior, middle and inferior cardiac ganglion
form superficial and deep cardiac plexuses in superior mediastinum

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33
Q

where does the superior plexus lie

A

between aortic arch and right pulmonary artery

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34
Q

where does the deep plexus lie

A

on the surface of the trachea at the point of bifurcation

35
Q

sympathetic trunk

A

runs bilaterally to the vertebral bodies along the entire length of the vertebral column

36
Q

muscles associated in the superior mediastinum

A

sternohyoid and sternothyroid
from the posterior surface of the manubrium
part of the infra hyoid muscle group of the neck

inferior aspect of longs Colli muscle also originates

37
Q

names of the borders of the anterior mediastinum

A

lateral
anterior
posterior
roof
floor

38
Q

lateral border of the anterior mediastinum

A

mediastinal pleura
(part of the parietal pleura membrane)

39
Q

anterior border of the anterior mediastinum

A

body of the sternum
transversus thoracis muscles

40
Q

posterior xborder of the anterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

41
Q

roof border of the anterior mediastinum

A

continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle

42
Q

floor border of the anterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

43
Q

contents of the anterior mediastinum

A

no major structures
loose connective tissue (including sternopericardial ligaments)
fat
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
branches of internal thoracic vessels

44
Q

sternopericardial laments

A

tether the pericardium to the sternum

45
Q

differences between adults and children’s anterior mediastinum

A

in children the thymus extends inferiorly into anterior mediastinum
recedes during puberty and mainly replaced by adipose tissue

46
Q

name the borders of the middle mediastinum

A

anterior
posterior
laterally
superiorly
inferiorly

47
Q

anterior border of the middle mediastinum

A

anterior margin of the pericardium

48
Q

posterior border of the middle mediastinum

A

posterior border of the pericardium

49
Q

lateral border of the middle mediastinum

A

mediastinal pleura of the lungs

50
Q

superior border of the middle mediastinum

A

imaginary line extending between sternalangle and T4 vertebrae

51
Q

inferior border of the middle mediastinum

A

superior surface of the diaphragm m

52
Q

which is the largest subdivision of the inferior mediastinum

A

middle mediastinum

53
Q

organs inside the middle mediastinum

A

heart (and pericardium)
tracheal bifurcation
left and right main bronchi

54
Q

great vessels in the middle mediastinum

A

ascending aorta
pulmonary trunk
superior vena cava

55
Q

ascending aorta function

A

1st part of the aorta
arises form the aortic orifice
exits fibrous pericardium and enters superior mediastinum where it becomes aortic arch
gives rise to the left and right coronary arteries

56
Q

pulmonary trunk function

A

gives rise to left and right pulmonary arteries
trunk is relatively short and wide
allows large volume of blood to pas through it

57
Q

superior vena cava function

A

returns deoxygenated blood from upper half of the body
formed by the brachiocephalic veins

58
Q

nerves associated with the middle mediastinum

A

cardiac plexus
phrenic nerves

59
Q

cardiac plexus

A

network of nerves
base of the heart
sympathetic and para sympathetic fibres
sympathetic from T1-4
parasympathetic from vagus

60
Q

phrenic nerves in the middle mediastinum

A

motor innervation to the diaphragm
arise in the neck and descend through middle mediastinum to the diaphragm

61
Q

lymphatics of the middle mediastinum

A

tracheobronchial lymph nodes
characteristically engirded in certain lung pathologies
form from gathering of bronchial nodes in hila of lungs

62
Q

name the borders of the posterior mediastinum

A

lateral
anterior
posterior
roof
floro

63
Q

lateral border of the posterior mediastinum

A

mediastinal pleura

64
Q

anterior border of the posterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

65
Q

posterior border of the posterior mediastinum

A

T5-T12 vertebrae

66
Q

roof border of the posterior mediastinum

A

sternal angle to T4 (imaginary line)

67
Q

floor border of the posterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm m

68
Q

contents of the posterior mediastinum

A

thoracic aorta
oesophagus
thoracic duct
azygos system of veins
sympathetic trunks

69
Q

describe the thoracic aorta

A

known as descending aorta
begins T4
inferior border of T12 becomes abdominal aorta through aortic hiatus of diaphragm

70
Q

thoracic aorta branches will arise in which vascular planes

A

unpaired to viscera extend anteriorly
paired branches to viscera extend laterally
paired segmental parietal branches extend mostly poterolaterally

71
Q

major branches of the thoracic aorta

A

posterior intercostal arteries
bronchial Arteies
oesophageal arteries
superior phrenic arteries

72
Q

posterior intercostal ratios

A

paired parietal branches
9 pairs fro posterior aspect of aorta
supplies intercostal spaces, except first 2
pass posteriorly and laterally in parallel with the ribs

73
Q

bronchial arteries

A

paired visceral branches, normally 1 or two
left always arise directly from thoracic
right usually indirectly form right posterior intercostal
supply the tracheobronchial treee

74
Q

oesophageal arteries

A

unpaired visceral branches
arise from anterior aspect of aorta
normally 2 but can be up to 5
supply oesophagus

75
Q

superior phrenic arteries

A

arise from anterior aspect of throacic aorta at aortic hiatus
vary in number
supply superior aspect of diaphragm

76
Q

oesophagus leaving mediastinum

A

via oesophageal hiatus of diaphragm

77
Q

oesophageal plexus

A

left and right vagus nerves
immediately above diaphragm the fibres of the plexus converge to form anterior vagal trunk and posterior vagal trunk, travel along oesophagus as it exits thorax

78
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in the body
allows return of lymph from most of the body
originates from cisterns chyli in abdomen and enters diaphragm via aortic hiatus
lies anteriorly to T6-12 before deviating left

79
Q

3 major veins in the azygos system

A

azygos vein
hemiazygos vein
accessory hemiazygos vein

80
Q

formation of the azygos vein

A

formed by union of right lumbar vein and right subcostal vein
enters mediastinum through the aortic hiatus and drains into the superior vena cava

81
Q

formation of the hemiazygos vein

A

union of the left lumbar and left subcostal veins
enters through left crus of diaphragm
ascending on the left side
at T8 turns to right and combines with azygos vein

82
Q

accessory hemiazygos vein

A

formed by union of the 4th to 8th intercostal veins
drains into azygos at T7

83
Q

sympathetic turns

A

paired bundles of nerves
arising from these turns are lower thoracic splanchnic nerves

84
Q

label A-M

A

A-left brachiocephalic vein
B- left common carotid artery
C-left vagus nerve
D-left subclavian artery
E-left recurrent laryngeal nerve
F-thoracic duct
G-oesophagus
H-right vagus nerve
I-trachea
J- brachiocephalic trunk
K-right brachiocephalic vein
L- right phrenic nerve
M-thymus

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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