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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Hindgut > Flashcards

Anatomy: Hindgut Flashcards

1
Q

where does the hindgut begin

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon

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2
Q

where does the large intestine run from and to

A

caecum to the Anal canal

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3
Q

4 parts of the large intestine

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

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4
Q

ascending colon

A

retroperitoneal
caecum to the hepatic flexure

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5
Q

where is the hepatic flexure

A

where the large intestine meets the right lobe of the liver

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6
Q

transverse colon

A

right hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure
attached to the diaphragm by the phrenicolic ligament
intraperitoneal and enclosed by the transverse mesocolon

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7
Q

descending colon

A

left colic/splenic flexure to when colon turns medially at the sigmoid
retroperitoneal

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8
Q

sigmoid

A

attached to posterior pelvic wall by the mesentery called the sigmoid mesocolon
length of the mesocolon allows mobility

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9
Q

paracolic gutters

A

spaces between the ascending and descending colon and the posterolateral abdominal wall

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10
Q

distinguishing features of the large intestine from the small intestine

A

has ommental appendices
has tenaie coli
has haustra

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11
Q

ommental appendices

A

small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat

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12
Q

tenaie coli

A

3 strips of muscle
mesocolic, free and ommental

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13
Q

haustra

A

tenaie coli shorten the wall of the bowel producing sacculations
these cease at the rectosigmoidal junction

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14
Q

arterial supply to the large intestine

A

hind gut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric
transverse distal 1/3 is supplied by the left colic
sigmoid receives from a branch of the inferior mesenteric called the sigmoid

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15
Q

venous drainage of the large intestine

A

transverse is the middle colic which empties into the superior mesenteric
descending is left colic to the inferior mesenteric
sigmoid is sigmoid veins to inferior mesenteric
inferior and superior mesenteric into the hepatic portal

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16
Q

innervation of the large intestine

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse, descending and sigmoid from the inferior mesenteric plexus
parasympathetic by the pelvic splanchnic nerves
sympathetic by lumbar splanchnic nerves

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17
Q

lymphatic drainage of the large intestine

A

transverse to superior mesenteric nodes
descending and sigmoid to inferior mesenteric nodes

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18
Q

rectum location

A

most distal part of the large intestine
temporary faeces storage
proximally is the sigmoid colon and terminates into the anal canal

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19
Q

where does the rectum begin

A

at S3

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20
Q

anatomical structure of the rectum

A

no tenaie coli, haustra or ommental appendices
2 major flexures
ampulla
peritoneal coverings

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21
Q

2 major flexures in the rectum

A

sacral
anorectal

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22
Q

sacral flexure

A

anteroposterior curve with concavity anteriorly

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23
Q

anorectal flexure

A

anteroposterior curve with convexity anteriorly formed by the tone of puborectalis muscle

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24
Q

3 other flexures in the rectum

A

superior
immediate
inferior

formed by the folds of the internal rectal wall

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25
Q

ampulla

A

relaxes to accumulate and store faeces until defecation and passes through the pelvic floor to the end of the anus

26
Q

peritoneal coverings of the rectum

A

superior third, anterior and lateral sides
middle third has an anterior peritoneal covering
lower third has no covering

27
Q

peritoneum in the rectum in males

A

peritoneum reflection from rectum to posterior bladder wall forms the rectovesical pouch

28
Q

peritoneum in the rectum in females

A

peritoneum reflects to the posterior vagina and cervix
forming the rectouterine pouch/pouch of Douglas

29
Q

anterior anatomical relations in males of the rectum

A

rectovesical pouch
sigmoid colon
ileum
bladder
prostate
semina vesicles

30
Q

anterior anatomical relations In females of the rectum

A

rectouterine pouch
sigmoid colon
ileum vagina
cervix

31
Q

posterior anatomical relations in males and females of the rectum

A

sacrum and coccyx
piriformis
coccygeus
levator ani
sacral plexus

32
Q

arterial supply of the rectum

A

superior rectal, continuation of the inferior mesenteric
middle rectal, branch of the internal ileac
inferior rectal, branch of the internal pudenal

33
Q

venous drainage of the rectum

A

superior rectal, drains into the portal venous
middle rectal
inferior rectal
the other two both drain into the systemic

portocaval anastomoses: anastomoses between the portal and systemic veins located in the wall of the anal canal

34
Q

sympathetic innervation of the rectum

A

lumbar splanchnic
superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

35
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the rectum

A

from S2-S4 via the pelvic splanchnic and inferior hypogastric plexuses
visceral afferent follow this supply

36
Q

lymphatic drainage of the rectum

A

pararectal lymph nodes, drain to the inferior mesenteric
lower aspect of rectum drain to internal ileac nodes

37
Q

2 sphincters of the anal canal

A

internal and external

38
Q

internal sphincter of the anal canal

A

surrounds the upper 2/3 of canal
formed from thickening of involuntary circular muscle in the bowel wall

39
Q

external sphincter of the anal canal

A

voluntary muscle surrounding lower 2/3 of the canal
bends superiorly with puborectalis muscle of the pelvic floor

40
Q

anorectal ring

A

junction of the rectum and anal canal
formed by sphincter fusion with the puborectalis muscle, it is palpable

41
Q

internal structure of the anal canal

A

superior has simple columnar epithelium
mucosa organised into longitudinal folds called anal columns joined by inferior ends by anal valves
above valves are anal sinuses which are small pouches that contain glands that secrete mucous

42
Q

pectinate line

A

divides canal into upper and lower

43
Q

above the pectinate line

A

derived form the embryonic hind gut

44
Q

below the pectinate line

A

derived form the ectoderm of proctodeum

45
Q

epithelium transition in the anal canal

A

inferior to the line is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, pale and smooth
transitions to true skin at the intersphincteric groove to keratinised stratified squamous

46
Q

female anatomical relations of the anal canal

A

perineal body
urogenital diaphragm
vagina

47
Q

male anatomical relations of the anal canal

A

perineal body
urogenital
urethra
Bulb of penis

48
Q

posterior anatomical relations of the Anal canal

A

anococcygeal ligament
coccyx
sacrum

49
Q

lateral anatomical relations of the anal canal

A

ischioanal fossae

50
Q

arterial supply above pectinate line

A

superior rectal, branch of inferior mesenteric
anastomosing branches from the middle rectal

51
Q

venous drainage above pectinate line

A

superior rectal vein, empties to inferior mesenteric
portal system

52
Q

nerve supply above pectinate line

A

visceral innervation via inferior hypogastric plexus

53
Q

lymphatics above pectinate line

A

internal iliac

54
Q

arterial supply below pectinate line

A

inferior rectal, branch of internal pudenal
anastomosing branches from middle recal

55
Q

venous drainage below pectinate line

A

inferior rectal
empties into internal pudenal vein
systemic system

56
Q

nerve supply below pectinate line

A

somatic innervation via inferire rectal nerves
branches of pudenal nerve

57
Q

lymphatic drainage below pectinate line

A

superficial inguinal

58
Q

inferior mesenteric

A

supplies the hindgut
arises at L3
retroperitoneal
3 major branches

59
Q

3 major branches of inferior mesenteric

A

left colic
sigmoid
superior rectal

60
Q

left colic

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and the descending colon
ascending branch: left kidney anteriorly, enters mesentery of transverse colon and travels superiorly to distal 1/3 transverse and upper descending

descending: moves inferiorly to supply lower descending colon, anastomoses with superior sigmoid

61
Q

sigmoid

A

supplies the descending and sigmoid
2-4 branches
upper is the superior sigmoid
run inferiorly, obliquely and to the left

62
Q

superior rectal

A

supplies rectum
descends into the pelvis
at S3 divides into 2 terminal branches
within the walls will communicate with middle and inferior rectal

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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