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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Foregut > Flashcards

Anatomy: Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

what marks the beginning and the end of the foregut

A

begins at the oesophagus
ends at the duodenal papilla

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2
Q

location of the oesophagus

A

originates at inferior border of cricoid cartilage at C6
extends to the cardia orifice of the stomach at T11

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3
Q

where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen

A

at the oesophageal hiatus
at T10

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4
Q

where does the oesophagus terminate

A

stomach level of T11

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5
Q

layers of the oesophagus

A

adventitia
muscularis externis
submucosa
mucosa

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6
Q

adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue

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7
Q

where and when does the adventitia become serosa

A

when entering the digestive tract
because it is covered by peritoneum

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8
Q

muscularis externis

A

external layer of longitudinal muscle
inner layer of circular muscle
composed of thirds

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9
Q

superior third of the muscularis externes

A

voluntary striated muscle

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10
Q

middle third of the muscularis externis

A

voluntary striated and smooth muscle

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11
Q

inferior third of the muscularis externes

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

mucosa

A

non-keratinsied stratified squamous epithelium
continuous with the columnar epithelium of the stomach

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13
Q

how is food transported through the oesophagus

A

by peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of muscles which propagate down the oesophagus
hardening of the muscles can lead to dysphagia

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14
Q

name the two sphincters in the oesophagus

A

upper
lower

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15
Q

upper oesophageal sphincter

A

striated muscle
between the pharynx and the oepsdhagus
produced by the cricopharyngeus muscle
normally constricted to prevent the entrance of air into the oesophagus

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16
Q

lower oesophageal sphincter

A

at the gastro-oesophageal junction
left of the T11 vertebrae
marked by change form oesophageal to gastric mucosa
known as physiological or function sphincter

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17
Q

what is the lower oesophageal sphincter maintained by

A

the oesophagus entering the stomach at an acute angle
walls of the intra-abdominal section of the oesophagus are compressed when positive intra-abdominal pressure
prominent mucosal folds at gastro-oesophageal junction aid in occluding the lumen
right crus of the diaphragm has a pinch cock effect

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18
Q

functioning of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

during peristalsis the sphincter is relaxed to allow food to enter the stomach
otherwise prevents reflux of acid contents

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19
Q

anatomical relations of the oesophagus

A

4 physiological constrictions
arch of the aorta
bronchus, left main stem
cricoid cartilage
diaphragmatic hiatus
ABCD

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20
Q

anterior cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

trachea
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
pericardium

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21
Q

posterior cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

thoracic vertebral bodies
azygous vein
thoracic duct
descending aorta

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22
Q

right cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

pleura
terminal part of azygous vein

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23
Q

left cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

subclavian artery
aortic arch
thoracic duct
pleura

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24
Q

anterior abdominal relations of the oesophagus

A

left vagus nerve
posterior surface of the heart

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25
posterior abdominal relations of the oesophagus
right vagus nerve left crus of diaphragm
26
divisions of oesophageal vasculature
thoracic abdominal
27
thoracic vasculature of the oesophagus
branches of the thoracic aorta and the inferior thyroid artery
28
venous drainage of the thoracic segment of the aorta
branches of the azygous veins and inferior thyroid vein
29
abdominal vasculature of oesophagus
by left gastric artery left inferior phrenic
30
venous drainage of the abdominal section of the oesophagus
to portal circulation via left gastric vein to systemic by azygous vein form a portal systemic anastomosis
31
innervation of the oesophagus
oesophageal plexus formed by parasympathetic vagal trunks and sympathetic cervical and thoracic trunks
32
types fo fibres in nerves supplying upper oesophageal sphincter and upper striated muscle
nucleus ambiguus
33
types of nerve fibres supplying the lower oesophageal sphincter and. smooth muscle of lower oesophagus
dorsal motor nucleus
34
lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus
superior middle inferior
35
superior lymphatics of oesophagus
deep cervical lymph nodes
36
middle lymphatics of oesophagus
superior and posterior mediastinal
37
lower lymphatics of oesophagus
left gastric and celiac
38
which organs in general are retroperitoneal
SAD PUCKERS suprarenal gland aorta/IVC duodenum, 2nd and 3rd part pancreas, except tail ureters colon, ascending and descending kidneys oesophagus rectum
39
anatomical position of the stomach
epigastric and umbilical regions
40
4 main divisions of the stomach
cardia funds body pylorus
41
cardia
surrounds superior opening of the stomach at T11
42
fundus
rounded and gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia
43
body of the stomach
large central portion inferior to the fundus
44
pylorus of the stomach
connects stomach to duodenum divided into pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric phrincter
45
pyloric sphincter
marks transpyloric plane level of L1
46
medial and lateral borders of the stomach
lesser and greater curvatures
47
greater curvature
lateral border arises at the cardiac notch, arches backwards and passes inferiorly to the left curves right and medially to the pyloric antrum short gastric arteries and right and left gastro-omental arteries supply branches
48
lesser curvature
forms shorter, concave medial surface most inferior part of the stomach the angular notch indicates junction of body and pyloric region gives attachment to hepatogastric ligament supplied by left gastric and right gastric branch of hepatic
49
superior anatomical relation of the stomach
oesophagus and left dome of diaphragm m
50
anterior anatomical relation of the stomach
diaphragm, greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall, left lobe of liver, gall bladder
51
posterior anatomical relation of the stomach
lesser sac, pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal gland, spleen, splenic artery, transverse mesocolon
52
2 sphincters of the stomach
inferior oesophageal pyloric
53
inferior oesophageal spinhcter
T11 point between oesophagus and sotmach allows food to pass through cardia orifice into stomach not under voluntary control
54
pyloric sphincter
between pylorus and first part of duodenum controls exit of chyme anatomical sphincter, contains smooth muscle
55
emptying of the stomach
occurs when intragastric pressure overcomes resistance of pylorus pylorus normally contracted so orifice is small and food can stay in stomach for longer gastric peristalsis pushes chyme to duodenum
56
what are the greater and lesser omentum
peritoneum folded over itself 4 membrane layers attach to the stomach
57
greater omentum
from greater curvature of the stomach folds back on itself attaches to transverse colon many lymph nodes may adhere to inflamed areas
58
lesser omentum
continuous with layers of stomach and duodenum arises at lesser curvature attach to the liver main function is to attach stomach and duodenum to liver
59
what do the greater and lesser do in terms of division
form greater and lesser sac stomach is anterior to the lesser sac communication via epiploic foramen, hole in lesser omentum
60
arterial supply to the stomach
right gastric left gastric right gastro-ommental left-gastro ommental all branches form the coeliac trunk
61
right gastric
branch from common hepatic from coeliac trunk
62
left gastric
directly from the coeliac trunk
63
right gastro-omental
terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery arises from the common hepatic
64
left-gastro omental
branch of the splenic which arises from the coeliac trunk
65
venous drainage of the stomach
right and left gastric drain into the hepatic portal vein short gastric, left and right castor ometnal drain to superior mesenteric
66
parasympathetic innervation of the stomac h
arises from anterior and posterior vagal trunks derived from vagus nerve
67
sympathetic innervation of the stomach
arises from T6-9 spinal cord segments passes to coeliac plexus via greater splanchnic nerve also carries pain transmitting fibres
68
lymphatic drainage of the stomach
gastric and gastro omental found at the curvatures efferent vessels from these nodes connect to coeliac lymph nodes located on posterior abdominal wall
69
what are the three segments of the small intestine called
duodenum jejunum ileum
70
which part of the small intestine is present in the foregut
duodenum
71
what is the duodenum split into
4 parts
72
name the 4 parts of the duodenum
D1- superior D2- descending D3- inferior D4- ascending
73
D1- superior
at L1 ascends upwards from the pylorus f the stomach connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament initial 3cm is covered anteriorly and posteriorly by visceral peritoneum and the remainder is retroperitoneal
74
retroperitoneal
means the structure is only covered anteriorly by peritoneum
75
D2- descending
L1-L3 curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas lies posteriorly to the transverse colon anterior to the right kidney descending is marked by the major duodenal papilla
76
what is the major duodenal papilla
opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions enter from the ampulla of the Vater
77
D3- inferior
L3 laterally to the left crosses over the inferior vena cava and the aorta inferiorly to the pancreas and posteriorly to the superior mesenteric artery and vein
78
D4- ascending
L3-L2 after crossing the aorta it ascends and curves anteriorly joining the jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure
79
what is it called where the duodenum and jejunum meet
the duodenojejunal flexure there is sensory muscle of the duodenum contraction of the muscle widens the angle of the flexure and aids movement of contents into the jejunum
80
arterial supply of the duodenum proximal to the major duodenal papilla
gastroduodenal artery which is a branch of the common hepatic from the coeliac trunk
81
arterial supply of the duodenum distal to the major duodenal papilla
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery which is a branch of the superior mesenteric
82
lymphatic drainage of the duodenum
pancreatoduodenal and superior mesenteric nodes
83
parts of the aorta
ascending aortic arch thoracic/ descending abdominal
84
where does the abdominal aorta begin and end
begins at T12 ends at L4 bifurcates into left and right ileac arteries at this point
85
what are all of the branches of the abdominal aorta in descending order
inferior phrenic coeliac superior mesenteric middle suprarenal renal gonadal inferior mesenteric median sacral lumbar
86
inferior phrenic
paired parietal arise posteriorly of T12 supply diaphragm
87
coeliac trunk
unpaired visceral artery arises anteriorly from T12 supplies: liver, stomach, oesophagus (abdominal), spleen, superior duodenum and superior pancreas
88
superior mesenteric
unpaired arises anteriorly just below coeliac trunk at lower L1 supplies: distal duodenum, jejuno-ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse
89
middle suprarenal
small paired visceral arteries arise either side posteriorly to L1 supply the adrenal glands
90
renal arteries
paired visceral arise laterally between L1 and L2 supply the kidneys
91
gonadal arteries
paired visceral arise laterally at L2 male= testicular female= ovarian
92
inferior mesenteric
unpaired visceral arises anteriorly at L3 supplies: large intestine from splenic flexure and upper part of the rectum
93
median sacral
unpaired, parietal arises posteriorly at L4 supplies: coccyx, lumbar vertebrae and sacrum
94
lumbar arteries
4 pairs of parietal arise posterolaterally between L1 and L4 supplies abdominal wall and spinal cord
95
major branches of the coeliac trunk
left gastric splenic common hepatic
96
more about left gastric
smallest of branches ascends across diaphragm and gives rise to oesophageal branches continues anteriorly to lesser curvature of the stomach anastomoses with the right gastric
97
more about the splenic artery
runs posterior to stomach and along superior margin of the pancreas to supply the spleen contained within the splenorenal ligament
98
branches of the splenic artery
left gastroepiploic short gastric pancreatic branches
99
left gastroepiploic
supplies greater curvature of the stomach anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic
100
short gastric
5-7 small branches supply the funds of the stomach
101
pancreatic branches
supply the body and the tail of the pancreas
102
more info on common hepatic artery
supplies liver only branch of coeliac trunk to pass to the right
103
branches of the common hepatic
proper hepatic gastroduodenal
104
proper hepatic
ascends through lesser omentum towards liver
105
branches of the proper hepatic
right gastric left and right hepatic cystic
106
right gastric more info
supplies pylorus and lesser curvature of the stomach
107
right and left hepatic
divide inferior to the aorta hepatic and supply their respective lobes of the liver
108
cystic
branch of the right hepatic supplies the gall bladder
109
gastroduodenal
descends posterior to the superior portion of the duodenum
110
branches of the gastroduodenal
right gastroepiploic superior pancreaticoduodenal
111
right gastroepiploic
supplies the greater curvature of the stomach found between layers of the greater omentum
112
superior pancreaticoduodenal
divides into anterior and posterior branch supplies the head of the pancreas
113
pancreaticoduodenal arcade
surround and supply the head of the pancreas superior pancreaticoduodenal and the inferior pancreatiocduodenal form a rung structure

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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