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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Foregut > Flashcards

Anatomy: Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

what marks the beginning and the end of the foregut

A

begins at the oesophagus
ends at the duodenal papilla

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2
Q

location of the oesophagus

A

originates at inferior border of cricoid cartilage at C6
extends to the cardia orifice of the stomach at T11

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3
Q

where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen

A

at the oesophageal hiatus
at T10

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4
Q

where does the oesophagus terminate

A

stomach level of T11

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5
Q

layers of the oesophagus

A

adventitia
muscularis externis
submucosa
mucosa

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6
Q

adventitia

A

outer layer of connective tissue

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7
Q

where and when does the adventitia become serosa

A

when entering the digestive tract
because it is covered by peritoneum

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8
Q

muscularis externis

A

external layer of longitudinal muscle
inner layer of circular muscle
composed of thirds

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9
Q

superior third of the muscularis externes

A

voluntary striated muscle

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10
Q

middle third of the muscularis externis

A

voluntary striated and smooth muscle

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11
Q

inferior third of the muscularis externes

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

mucosa

A

non-keratinsied stratified squamous epithelium
continuous with the columnar epithelium of the stomach

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13
Q

how is food transported through the oesophagus

A

by peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of muscles which propagate down the oesophagus
hardening of the muscles can lead to dysphagia

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14
Q

name the two sphincters in the oesophagus

A

upper
lower

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15
Q

upper oesophageal sphincter

A

striated muscle
between the pharynx and the oepsdhagus
produced by the cricopharyngeus muscle
normally constricted to prevent the entrance of air into the oesophagus

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16
Q

lower oesophageal sphincter

A

at the gastro-oesophageal junction
left of the T11 vertebrae
marked by change form oesophageal to gastric mucosa
known as physiological or function sphincter

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17
Q

what is the lower oesophageal sphincter maintained by

A

the oesophagus entering the stomach at an acute angle
walls of the intra-abdominal section of the oesophagus are compressed when positive intra-abdominal pressure
prominent mucosal folds at gastro-oesophageal junction aid in occluding the lumen
right crus of the diaphragm has a pinch cock effect

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18
Q

functioning of the lower oesophageal sphincter

A

during peristalsis the sphincter is relaxed to allow food to enter the stomach
otherwise prevents reflux of acid contents

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19
Q

anatomical relations of the oesophagus

A

4 physiological constrictions
arch of the aorta
bronchus, left main stem
cricoid cartilage
diaphragmatic hiatus
ABCD

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20
Q

anterior cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

trachea
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
pericardium

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21
Q

posterior cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

thoracic vertebral bodies
azygous vein
thoracic duct
descending aorta

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22
Q

right cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

pleura
terminal part of azygous vein

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23
Q

left cervical and thoracic relations of oesophagus

A

subclavian artery
aortic arch
thoracic duct
pleura

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24
Q

anterior abdominal relations of the oesophagus

A

left vagus nerve
posterior surface of the heart

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25
Q

posterior abdominal relations of the oesophagus

A

right vagus nerve
left crus of diaphragm

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26
Q

divisions of oesophageal vasculature

A

thoracic
abdominal

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27
Q

thoracic vasculature of the oesophagus

A

branches of the thoracic aorta and the inferior thyroid artery

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28
Q

venous drainage of the thoracic segment of the aorta

A

branches of the azygous veins and inferior thyroid vein

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29
Q

abdominal vasculature of oesophagus

A

by left gastric artery
left inferior phrenic

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30
Q

venous drainage of the abdominal section of the oesophagus

A

to portal circulation via left gastric vein
to systemic by azygous vein
form a portal systemic anastomosis

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31
Q

innervation of the oesophagus

A

oesophageal plexus formed by parasympathetic vagal trunks and sympathetic cervical and thoracic trunks

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32
Q

types fo fibres in nerves supplying upper oesophageal sphincter and upper striated muscle

A

nucleus ambiguus

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33
Q

types of nerve fibres supplying the lower oesophageal sphincter and. smooth muscle of lower oesophagus

A

dorsal motor nucleus

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34
Q

lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus

A

superior
middle
inferior

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35
Q

superior lymphatics of oesophagus

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

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36
Q

middle lymphatics of oesophagus

A

superior and posterior mediastinal

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37
Q

lower lymphatics of oesophagus

A

left gastric and celiac

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38
Q

which organs in general are retroperitoneal

A

SAD PUCKERS

suprarenal gland
aorta/IVC
duodenum, 2nd and 3rd part
pancreas, except tail
ureters
colon, ascending and descending
kidneys
oesophagus
rectum

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39
Q

anatomical position of the stomach

A

epigastric and umbilical regions

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40
Q

4 main divisions of the stomach

A

cardia
funds
body
pylorus

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41
Q

cardia

A

surrounds superior opening of the stomach at T11

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42
Q

fundus

A

rounded and gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia

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43
Q

body of the stomach

A

large central portion inferior to the fundus

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44
Q

pylorus of the stomach

A

connects stomach to duodenum
divided into pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric phrincter

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45
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

marks transpyloric plane
level of L1

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46
Q

medial and lateral borders of the stomach

A

lesser and greater curvatures

47
Q

greater curvature

A

lateral border
arises at the cardiac notch, arches backwards and passes inferiorly to the left
curves right and medially to the pyloric antrum
short gastric arteries and right and left gastro-omental arteries supply branches

48
Q

lesser curvature

A

forms shorter, concave medial surface
most inferior part of the stomach the angular notch indicates junction of body and pyloric region
gives attachment to hepatogastric ligament
supplied by left gastric and right gastric branch of hepatic

49
Q

superior anatomical relation of the stomach

A

oesophagus and left dome of diaphragm m

50
Q

anterior anatomical relation of the stomach

A

diaphragm, greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall, left lobe of liver, gall bladder

51
Q

posterior anatomical relation of the stomach

A

lesser sac, pancreas, left kidney, left adrenal gland, spleen, splenic artery, transverse mesocolon

52
Q

2 sphincters of the stomach

A

inferior oesophageal
pyloric

53
Q

inferior oesophageal spinhcter

A

T11
point between oesophagus and sotmach
allows food to pass through cardia orifice into stomach
not under voluntary control

54
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between pylorus and first part of duodenum
controls exit of chyme
anatomical sphincter, contains smooth muscle

55
Q

emptying of the stomach

A

occurs when intragastric pressure overcomes resistance of pylorus
pylorus normally contracted so orifice is small and food can stay in stomach for longer
gastric peristalsis pushes chyme to duodenum

56
Q

what are the greater and lesser omentum

A

peritoneum folded over itself
4 membrane layers
attach to the stomach

57
Q

greater omentum

A

from greater curvature of the stomach
folds back on itself
attaches to transverse colon
many lymph nodes
may adhere to inflamed areas

58
Q

lesser omentum

A

continuous with layers of stomach and duodenum
arises at lesser curvature
attach to the liver
main function is to attach stomach and duodenum to liver

59
Q

what do the greater and lesser do in terms of division

A

form greater and lesser sac
stomach is anterior to the lesser sac
communication via epiploic foramen, hole in lesser omentum

60
Q

arterial supply to the stomach

A

right gastric
left gastric
right gastro-ommental
left-gastro ommental

all branches form the coeliac trunk

61
Q

right gastric

A

branch from common hepatic from coeliac trunk

62
Q

left gastric

A

directly from the coeliac trunk

63
Q

right gastro-omental

A

terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery
arises from the common hepatic

64
Q

left-gastro omental

A

branch of the splenic
which arises from the coeliac trunk

65
Q

venous drainage of the stomach

A

right and left gastric
drain into the hepatic portal vein
short gastric, left and right castor ometnal drain to superior mesenteric

66
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the stomac h

A

arises from anterior and posterior vagal trunks
derived from vagus nerve

67
Q

sympathetic innervation of the stomach

A

arises from T6-9 spinal cord segments
passes to coeliac plexus via greater splanchnic nerve
also carries pain transmitting fibres

68
Q

lymphatic drainage of the stomach

A

gastric and gastro omental
found at the curvatures
efferent vessels from these nodes connect to coeliac lymph nodes
located on posterior abdominal wall

69
Q

what are the three segments of the small intestine called

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

70
Q

which part of the small intestine is present in the foregut

A

duodenum

71
Q

what is the duodenum split into

A

4 parts

72
Q

name the 4 parts of the duodenum

A

D1- superior
D2- descending
D3- inferior
D4- ascending

73
Q

D1- superior

A

at L1
ascends upwards from the pylorus f the stomach
connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament
initial 3cm is covered anteriorly and posteriorly by visceral peritoneum and the remainder is retroperitoneal

74
Q

retroperitoneal

A

means the structure is only covered anteriorly by peritoneum

75
Q

D2- descending

A

L1-L3
curves inferiorly around the head of the pancreas
lies posteriorly to the transverse colon
anterior to the right kidney
descending is marked by the major duodenal papilla

76
Q

what is the major duodenal papilla

A

opening at which bile and pancreatic secretions enter from the ampulla of the Vater

77
Q

D3- inferior

A

L3
laterally to the left
crosses over the inferior vena cava and the aorta
inferiorly to the pancreas and posteriorly to the superior mesenteric artery and vein

78
Q

D4- ascending

A

L3-L2
after crossing the aorta it ascends and curves anteriorly joining the jejunum at duodenojejunal flexure

79
Q

what is it called where the duodenum and jejunum meet

A

the duodenojejunal flexure
there is sensory muscle of the duodenum
contraction of the muscle widens the angle of the flexure and aids movement of contents into the jejunum

80
Q

arterial supply of the duodenum proximal to the major duodenal papilla

A

gastroduodenal artery
which is a branch of the common hepatic from the coeliac trunk

81
Q

arterial supply of the duodenum distal to the major duodenal papilla

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
which is a branch of the superior mesenteric

82
Q

lymphatic drainage of the duodenum

A

pancreatoduodenal and superior mesenteric nodes

83
Q

parts of the aorta

A

ascending
aortic arch
thoracic/ descending
abdominal

84
Q

where does the abdominal aorta begin and end

A

begins at T12
ends at L4
bifurcates into left and right ileac arteries at this point

85
Q

what are all of the branches of the abdominal aorta in descending order

A

inferior phrenic
coeliac
superior mesenteric
middle suprarenal
renal
gonadal
inferior mesenteric
median sacral
lumbar

86
Q

inferior phrenic

A

paired
parietal
arise posteriorly of T12
supply diaphragm

87
Q

coeliac trunk

A

unpaired
visceral artery
arises anteriorly from T12
supplies: liver, stomach, oesophagus (abdominal), spleen, superior duodenum and superior pancreas

88
Q

superior mesenteric

A

unpaired
arises anteriorly just below coeliac trunk at lower L1
supplies: distal duodenum, jejuno-ileum, ascending colon and part of the transverse

89
Q

middle suprarenal

A

small paired visceral arteries
arise either side posteriorly to L1
supply the adrenal glands

90
Q

renal arteries

A

paired visceral
arise laterally between L1 and L2
supply the kidneys

91
Q

gonadal arteries

A

paired visceral
arise laterally at L2
male= testicular
female= ovarian

92
Q

inferior mesenteric

A

unpaired visceral
arises anteriorly at L3
supplies: large intestine from splenic flexure and upper part of the rectum

93
Q

median sacral

A

unpaired, parietal
arises posteriorly at L4
supplies: coccyx, lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

94
Q

lumbar arteries

A

4 pairs of parietal
arise posterolaterally between L1 and L4
supplies abdominal wall and spinal cord

95
Q

major branches of the coeliac trunk

A

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

96
Q

more about left gastric

A

smallest of branches
ascends across diaphragm and gives rise to oesophageal branches
continues anteriorly to lesser curvature of the stomach
anastomoses with the right gastric

97
Q

more about the splenic artery

A

runs posterior to stomach and along superior margin of the pancreas to supply the spleen
contained within the splenorenal ligament

98
Q

branches of the splenic artery

A

left gastroepiploic
short gastric
pancreatic branches

99
Q

left gastroepiploic

A

supplies greater curvature of the stomach
anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic

100
Q

short gastric

A

5-7 small branches
supply the funds of the stomach

101
Q

pancreatic branches

A

supply the body and the tail of the pancreas

102
Q

more info on common hepatic artery

A

supplies liver
only branch of coeliac trunk to pass to the right

103
Q

branches of the common hepatic

A

proper hepatic
gastroduodenal

104
Q

proper hepatic

A

ascends through lesser omentum towards liver

105
Q

branches of the proper hepatic

A

right gastric
left and right hepatic
cystic

106
Q

right gastric more info

A

supplies pylorus and lesser curvature of the stomach

107
Q

right and left hepatic

A

divide inferior to the aorta hepatic and supply their respective lobes of the liver

108
Q

cystic

A

branch of the right hepatic
supplies the gall bladder

109
Q

gastroduodenal

A

descends posterior to the superior portion of the duodenum

110
Q

branches of the gastroduodenal

A

right gastroepiploic
superior pancreaticoduodenal

111
Q

right gastroepiploic

A

supplies the greater curvature of the stomach
found between layers of the greater omentum

112
Q

superior pancreaticoduodenal

A

divides into anterior and posterior branch
supplies the head of the pancreas

113
Q

pancreaticoduodenal arcade

A

surround and supply the head of the pancreas
superior pancreaticoduodenal and the inferior pancreatiocduodenal
form a rung structure

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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