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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

function of the lungs

A

oxygenate blood
inspire air in close contact with oxygen poor blood in pulmonary capillaries

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2
Q

what are the lungs surrounded by

A

a pleural cavity
formed by visceral and parietal pleura

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3
Q

what are the lungs suspended by the mediastinum by

A

the lung root

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4
Q

anatomical relations of the left lung

A

heart
arch of the aorta
thoracic aorta
oesophagus

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5
Q

anatomical relations of the right lung

A

oesophagus
heart
inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
azygous vein

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6
Q

what does each lung consist of

A

apex
base
lobes
surfaces
borders

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7
Q

apex

A

blunt superior end of the lung
projects upwards above the level of the 1st rib into the floor of the neck

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8
Q

base

A

inferior surface of the lung which sits on the diaphragm

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9
Q

surfaces

A

correspond to the area of the thorax that they face
costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic

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10
Q

borders

A

edges of the lungs
anterior
inferior
posterior

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11
Q

right lung lobes

A

has 3 lobes: superior, middle and inferior
divided by oblique and horizontal fissures

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12
Q

left lung lobes

A

superior and inferior
separated by oblique fissures

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13
Q

oblique fissure

A

runs from inferior border of the lung in a super-posterior direction
until it meets the posterior lung border

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14
Q

horizontal fissure

A

runs horizontally from the sternum
at the level of the 4th rib
to meet the oblique fissure

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15
Q

mediastinal surface

A

faces the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum
hilum of the lung is located on this surface

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16
Q

diaphragmatic surface

A

forms the base of the lung
rests on the dome of the diaphragm and has a concave shape
deeper concave in the right lung due to the higher position of the right dome overlying the liver

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17
Q

costal surface

A

smooth and convex
faces internal surface of the chest wall
related to the costal pleura, separates it from the ribs and innermost intercostals

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18
Q

anterior border

A

formed by convergence of the mediastinal and costal surfaces
left lung the anterior border is marked by the cardiac notch

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19
Q

cardiac notch

A

deep imprint
created by the apex of the heart

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20
Q

inferior border

A

separates the base of the lung from the costal and mediastinal surfaces

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21
Q

posterior border

A

smooth and rounded
formed by costal and mediastinal surfaces meeting posteriorly

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22
Q

lung root

A

contains bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, pulmonary plexus of nerves and lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

hilum

A

wedge shaped area on mediastinal surface

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24
Q

bronchial tree

A

trachea
left and right bronchus
bronchus enters root of lung passing through hilum
in lung divide into lobar bronchi, one to each lobe
each divide into several tertiary segmental bronchi
air to bronchopulmonary segment
rise to many bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveoli

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25
Q

arterial supply to the lungs

A

supplied with deoxygenated blood by pulmonary arteries
bronchial arteries supply the bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura and supporting lung tissues

26
Q

venous drainage from the lungs

A

pulmonary veins
bronchial veins
right bronchial vein drains to azygous vein and left drains to accessory hemiazygos vein

27
Q

what are the nerve supply of the lungs derived from

A

pulmonary plexuses

28
Q

parasympathetic nerve supply to the lungs

A

vagus nerve
stimulate secretion from bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels

29
Q

sympathetic nerve supply to the lungs

A

derived from the sympathetic trunks
stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels

30
Q

visceral afferent supply to the lungs

A

conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

31
Q

2 plexuses for lymphatic drainage

A

superficial/ sub pleural
deep

both drain into the trachebronchial nodes, located around bifurcation of trachea and main bronchi
lymph then passes into right and left bronchomediastinal trunks

32
Q

superficial plexus

A

drains from the lung parenchyma

33
Q

deep plexus

A

drains structures of the lung root

34
Q

what forms the tracheobronchial tree

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

35
Q

anatomical position of the trachea

A

lower border of the cricoid cartilage
travels inferiorly to the superior mediastinum
bifurcates at the sternal angle

36
Q

trachea structure

A

held open by C-shaped cartilage rings
free ends of the rings supported by tracheal muscle
lined with ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium, has goblet cells
forms the mucociliary escalator
ridge of cartilage called Carina at the birfurcation of the primary bronchi

37
Q

mucociliary escalator function

A

traps inhaled pathogens and particles
moves them up and out of airways to be swallowed and destroyed

38
Q

carina

A

ridge of cartilage at bifurcation of primary bronchi
sensitive area of the trachea for triggering the cough reflex
seen on a bronchoscopy

39
Q

neurovascular supply of the trachea

A

sensory from the recurrent laryngeal nerve
arterial supply is inferior thyroid artery
venous drainage is brachiocephalic, azygos and accessory hemiazygos

40
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

at the level of the sternal angle

41
Q

right main bronchus

A

wider shorter and descends more vertically than the left
results in higher incidence of foreign body inhalation
right superior lobar arises before the right main bronchus enters the hilum

42
Q

left main bronchus

A

passes inferiorly to the arch of the aorta
anteriorly to the thoracic aorta and oesophagus in order to reach the hilum of the left lung

43
Q

neuromuscular supply to the bronchi

A

vagus nerve, CNX
blood supply is bronchial arteries
venous drainage is into the bronchial veins

44
Q

club cells

A

produce a surfactant lipoprotein
preventing the walls of the small airways sticking together during expiration

45
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air filled pockets with thin walls
simple squamous epithelium
site of gaseous exchange

46
Q

what does the pleura consist of

A

serous membrane
layer of simple squamous cells supported by connective tissue
also known as the mesothelium

47
Q

2 types fo pleura

A

visceral
parietal

48
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between the viscera and parietal pleura

49
Q

types of parietal pleura in the lungs

A

mediastinal
cervical
costal
diaphragmatic

50
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

cover lateral aspect of the mediastinum

51
Q

cervical pleura

A

lines extension of the pleural cavity into the neck

52
Q

costal pleura

A

covers the inner aspect of the ribs, costal cartilages and intercostal muscles

53
Q

diaphragmatic pleura

A

covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

54
Q

pleural cavity function

A

contains a small amount of serous fluid
lubricates the surfaces of the pleurae to allow them to slide over each other
also provides surface tension, pulling the parietal and visceral pleura together
ensures when the thorax expands the lung also expands and fills with air

55
Q

pleural recesses

A

anteriorly and posteriorly the pleural cavity isn’t completely filled by the lungs

56
Q

2 recesses present in each pleural cavity

A

costodiaphragmatic
costomediastinal

57
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess

A

located between the costal pleurae and the diaphragmatic pleurae

58
Q

costomediastinal recess

A

located between the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae behind the sternum

59
Q

innervation of the parietal pleura

A

sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature
produces well localised pain
phrenic and intercostal nerves

60
Q

arterial supply to the parietal pleura

A

intercostal arteries

61
Q

innervation of the visceral pleura

A

sensory fibres detect stretch
pulmonary plexus

62
Q

arterial supply of the visceral pleura

A

bronchial arteries

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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