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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: External brain > Flashcards

Anatomy: External brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 groups bones of the skull can be classified into

A

those of the cranium (consist of the Cranial roof and cranial base)
those of the face

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2
Q

what can the cranium be divided into

A

cranial roof
cranial base

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3
Q

cranial roof

A

comprised of the frontal, occipital and 2 parietal bones
known as the calvarium

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4
Q

cranial base

A

comprised of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid,occipital, parietal, temporal
they articulate with the atlas, facial bones and mandible

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5
Q

label bones of the calvarium

A

frontal
pariteal
occipital

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6
Q

label the bones of the cranial base

A
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7
Q

period

A

H shaped junction between temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones
overlies middle meningeal artery
fractures may injure vessel

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8
Q

what is the facial skeleton known as

A

viscerocranium

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9
Q

how many bones are in the viscerocranium

A

14

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10
Q

name the facial bones

A

zygomatic
lacrimal
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
palatine
maxilla
vomer
mandible

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11
Q

zygomatic

A

forms cheek bones of face and articulates with frontal, sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bones

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12
Q

lacrimal

A

smallest bones of the face
form medial wall of the orbit

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13
Q

nasal

A

2 slender bones located at the bridge of the nose

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14
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

located within the nasal cavity
bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
increase amount of inspired air that comes in contact with cavity walls

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15
Q

palatine

A

situated at rear of oral cavity and forms part of the hard palate

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16
Q

maxilla

A

comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate

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17
Q

vomer

A

forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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18
Q

mandible

A

articulates with the base of the cranium at the temporomandibular joint

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19
Q

label the image of the facial bones

A
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20
Q

most common facial fractures

A

nasal fracture
maxillary fracture
mandibular fracture
zygomatic arch fracture

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21
Q

nasal fracture

A

most common
prominent position of the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose
often significant soft tissue swelling and associated epistaxis

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22
Q

maxillary fracture

A

high energy trauma
classified using the le fort classification ranging from 1 to 3

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23
Q

mandibular fracture

A

often bilateral
directly at the site of trauma
indirectly at contralateral side due to transmitted forces
pain at fracture site and misalignment of the teeth

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24
Q

malocclusion

A

misalignment of the teeth

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25
zygomatic arch fracture
associated with trauma to the side of the face displaced fractures can damage the infraorbital nerve leads to ipsilateral paraesthesia of cheek nose and lip
26
what are sutures
type of fibrous joint only in the skull immovable fuse completely around age 20 in trauma they represent points of potential weakness
27
main sutures in adult skull
coronal sagittal lambdoid
28
coronal suture
fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones
29
sagittal suture
fuses both parietal bones to each other
30
lambdoid suture
fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones
31
what is a fontanelle
in neonates incompletely fused suture joint gives rise to membranous gaps between the bones
32
2 major fontanelles
frontal occipital
33
fronta fontanelle
located at junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures
34
occipital fontanelle
located at junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
35
label the image of sutures and fontanelles
36
what are the 2 paired arteries responsible for the blood supply to the brain
vertebral arteries internal carotid arise in the neck and ascend to the cranium
37
what occurs in the cranial vault
the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries form and anastomotic circle called the Circle of Willis from this, branches arise which supply the majority of the cerebrum
38
what is the arterial supply of the pons and spinal cord
smaller branches from the vertebral arteries
39
where do the internal carotid arteries originate
at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries at level fo C4
40
pathway of the internal carotid arteries
move superiorly within the carotid sheath enter brain via carotid canal of the temporal bone in the cranial cavity will pass anteriorly through cavernous sinus
41
branches of the ICA
ophthalmic posterior communicating anterior choroidal anterior cerebral
42
branches of the ICA
ophthalmic posterior communicating anterior choroidal anterior cerebral
43
ophthalmic artery
supplies structures of the orbit
44
posterior communicating artery
acts as anatomising connecting vessel in the circle of willis
45
anterior choroidal artery
supplies structures in the brain important for motor control and vision
46
anterior cerebral artery
supplies part of the cerebrum
47
after giving rise to other branches what does the ICA do
continues as the middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral portions of the cerebrum
48
origin of the vertebral arteries
from the subclavian arteries medial to the anterior scalene muscle ascend the posterior aspect of the neck through holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, called foramen transversarium
49
foramen transversarium
holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
50
where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity
via the foramen magnum then give off branches in the cranial vault
51
branches of the vertebral arteries
meningeal branch anterior and posterior spinal arteries posterior inferior cerebellar artery
52
meningeal branch
supplies fall cerebelli, sheet of dura mater
53
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
supplies the spinal cord spanning tis entire length
54
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
supplies the cerebellum
55
after giving rise to branches where does the vertebral artery continue to
converge to form the basilar artery several branches from the basilar artery originate here go onto supply the cerebellum and pons
56
where does the basilar artery terminate
by bifurcating into the posterior cerebral arteries
57
label the image
58
what is the circle of willis comprised of
the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries they all anastomose to form this circular vessel
59
3 main paired constituents of the circle of willis
anterior cerebral arteries internal carotid arteires posterior cerebral arteries
60
anterior cerebrals in COW
terminal branches of the internal carotids
61
internal carotids in COW
located immediately proximal to the origin of the middle cerebral
62
posterior cerebrals in COW
terminal branches of the basilar artery
63
2 other vessels present in the COW
anterior communicating posterior communicating
64
anterior communicating in COW
connects the two anterior cerebral arteries
65
posterior communicating arteries in COW
branch of internal carotid artery connects the ICA to posterior cerebral artery
66
label COW
67
regional blood supply to the cerebrum
3 cerebral arteries, anterior middle and posterior supply different portion of the cerebrum
68
identify the blood supply to the cerebrum
69
blood supply to the spinal cord
3 longitudinal arteries anterior spinal 2 posterior spinal
70
anterior spinal
formed from branches of the vertebral arteries travelling in the anterior median fissure gives rise to the sulcal arteries which enter the spinal cord
71
2 posterior spinal arteries
originate from the vertebral artery or the posterioinferior cerebellar artery anastomosis with the one another in the Pia mater
72
blood supply to the spinal cord below the cervical level
support via anastomosing with segmental medullary and radicular arteries
73
origin of the anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries
derived from spinal branches of number of arteries before entering vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina
74
great anterior segmental artery of Adamkiewicz
reinforces circulation to inferior 2/3 of spinal cord found on left in majority of individuals
75
radicular arteries
supply and follow the path of the anterior and posterior nerve roots some radicular arteries may also contribute to supplying the spinal cord
76
what is a stroke
acute development of neurological deficit due to disturbance in blood supply fo the brain
77
4 main causes of cerebrovascular accident
thrombosis embolism hypoperfusion haemorrhage
78
thrombosis
obstruction of blood vessel by locally forming clot
79
embolism
obstruction of blood vessel by embolus formed elsewhere
80
hypoperfusiopn
lack of blood supply to therein due to systemically low blood pressure
81
haemorrhage
accumulation of blood within the cranial cavity
82
aneurysm
dilation of an artery greater than 50% of normal diameter most likely to occur in COW
83
spinal cord infarction
spinal stroke refers to the death of nervous tissue results from interruption of arterial supply
84
olfactory foramina
cribriform plate in ethmoid
85
optic foramina
optic canal in sphenoid
86
oculomotor foramina
superior orbital tissue in sphenoid
87
trochlear foramina
superior orbital issues in sphenoid
88
trigeminal foramina
foramen ovale in sphenoid
89
abducens foramina
superior orbital issues in sphenoid
90
facial foramina
facial canal in temporal
91
vestibulocochlear foramina
internal acoustic meatus in temporal
92
glossopharyngeal foramina
jugular foramen
93
vagus foramina
jugular foramen
94
accessory spinal foramina
jugular foramen
95
hypoglossal foramina
hypoglossal canal in occipital
96
where is the jugular formant
between occipital and temporal bones
97
label image
98
label the image
internal acoustic meatus
99
label image
internal acoustic meatus jugular foramen
100
label the image
hypoglossal canal
101
label image
102
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103
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Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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