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Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: External brain > Flashcards

Anatomy: External brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 groups bones of the skull can be classified into

A

those of the cranium (consist of the Cranial roof and cranial base)
those of the face

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2
Q

what can the cranium be divided into

A

cranial roof
cranial base

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3
Q

cranial roof

A

comprised of the frontal, occipital and 2 parietal bones
known as the calvarium

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4
Q

cranial base

A

comprised of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid,occipital, parietal, temporal
they articulate with the atlas, facial bones and mandible

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5
Q

label bones of the calvarium

A

frontal
pariteal
occipital

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6
Q

label the bones of the cranial base

A
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7
Q

period

A

H shaped junction between temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones
overlies middle meningeal artery
fractures may injure vessel

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8
Q

what is the facial skeleton known as

A

viscerocranium

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9
Q

how many bones are in the viscerocranium

A

14

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10
Q

name the facial bones

A

zygomatic
lacrimal
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
palatine
maxilla
vomer
mandible

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11
Q

zygomatic

A

forms cheek bones of face and articulates with frontal, sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bones

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12
Q

lacrimal

A

smallest bones of the face
form medial wall of the orbit

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13
Q

nasal

A

2 slender bones located at the bridge of the nose

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14
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

located within the nasal cavity
bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
increase amount of inspired air that comes in contact with cavity walls

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15
Q

palatine

A

situated at rear of oral cavity and forms part of the hard palate

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16
Q

maxilla

A

comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate

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17
Q

vomer

A

forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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18
Q

mandible

A

articulates with the base of the cranium at the temporomandibular joint

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19
Q

label the image of the facial bones

A
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20
Q

most common facial fractures

A

nasal fracture
maxillary fracture
mandibular fracture
zygomatic arch fracture

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21
Q

nasal fracture

A

most common
prominent position of the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose
often significant soft tissue swelling and associated epistaxis

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22
Q

maxillary fracture

A

high energy trauma
classified using the le fort classification ranging from 1 to 3

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23
Q

mandibular fracture

A

often bilateral
directly at the site of trauma
indirectly at contralateral side due to transmitted forces
pain at fracture site and misalignment of the teeth

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24
Q

malocclusion

A

misalignment of the teeth

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25
Q

zygomatic arch fracture

A

associated with trauma to the side of the face
displaced fractures can damage the infraorbital nerve
leads to ipsilateral paraesthesia of cheek nose and lip

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26
Q

what are sutures

A

type of fibrous joint only in the skull
immovable
fuse completely around age 20
in trauma they represent points of potential weakness

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27
Q

main sutures in adult skull

A

coronal
sagittal
lambdoid

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28
Q

coronal suture

A

fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

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29
Q

sagittal suture

A

fuses both parietal bones to each other

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30
Q

lambdoid suture

A

fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones

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31
Q

what is a fontanelle

A

in neonates
incompletely fused suture joint gives rise to membranous gaps between the bones

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32
Q

2 major fontanelles

A

frontal
occipital

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33
Q

fronta fontanelle

A

located at junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

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34
Q

occipital fontanelle

A

located at junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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35
Q

label the image of sutures and fontanelles

A
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36
Q

what are the 2 paired arteries responsible for the blood supply to the brain

A

vertebral arteries
internal carotid

arise in the neck and ascend to the cranium

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37
Q

what occurs in the cranial vault

A

the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries form and anastomotic circle called the Circle of Willis
from this, branches arise which supply the majority of the cerebrum

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38
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pons and spinal cord

A

smaller branches from the vertebral arteries

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39
Q

where do the internal carotid arteries originate

A

at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries
at level fo C4

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40
Q

pathway of the internal carotid arteries

A

move superiorly within the carotid sheath
enter brain via carotid canal of the temporal bone
in the cranial cavity will pass anteriorly through cavernous sinus

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41
Q

branches of the ICA

A

ophthalmic
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
anterior cerebral

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42
Q

branches of the ICA

A

ophthalmic
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
anterior cerebral

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43
Q

ophthalmic artery

A

supplies structures of the orbit

44
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

acts as anatomising connecting vessel in the circle of willis

45
Q

anterior choroidal artery

A

supplies structures in the brain important for motor control and vision

46
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

supplies part of the cerebrum

47
Q

after giving rise to other branches what does the ICA do

A

continues as the middle cerebral artery
supplies the lateral portions of the cerebrum

48
Q

origin of the vertebral arteries

A

from the subclavian arteries
medial to the anterior scalene muscle
ascend the posterior aspect of the neck through holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, called foramen transversarium

49
Q

foramen transversarium

A

holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

50
Q

where do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity

A

via the foramen magnum
then give off branches in the cranial vault

51
Q

branches of the vertebral arteries

A

meningeal branch
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
posterior inferior cerebellar artery

52
Q

meningeal branch

A

supplies fall cerebelli, sheet of dura mater

53
Q

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

A

supplies the spinal cord
spanning tis entire length

54
Q

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

A

supplies the cerebellum

55
Q

after giving rise to branches where does the vertebral artery continue to

A

converge to form the basilar artery
several branches from the basilar artery originate here
go onto supply the cerebellum and pons

56
Q

where does the basilar artery terminate

A

by bifurcating into the posterior cerebral arteries

57
Q

label the image

A
58
Q

what is the circle of willis comprised of

A

the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries
they all anastomose to form this circular vessel

59
Q

3 main paired constituents of the circle of willis

A

anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteires
posterior cerebral arteries

60
Q

anterior cerebrals in COW

A

terminal branches of the internal carotids

61
Q

internal carotids in COW

A

located immediately proximal to the origin of the middle cerebral

62
Q

posterior cerebrals in COW

A

terminal branches of the basilar artery

63
Q

2 other vessels present in the COW

A

anterior communicating
posterior communicating

64
Q

anterior communicating in COW

A

connects the two anterior cerebral arteries

65
Q

posterior communicating arteries in COW

A

branch of internal carotid
artery connects the ICA to posterior cerebral artery

66
Q

label COW

A
67
Q

regional blood supply to the cerebrum

A

3 cerebral arteries, anterior middle and posterior
supply different portion of the cerebrum

68
Q

identify the blood supply to the cerebrum

A
69
Q

blood supply to the spinal cord

A

3 longitudinal arteries
anterior spinal
2 posterior spinal

70
Q

anterior spinal

A

formed from branches of the vertebral arteries
travelling in the anterior median fissure
gives rise to the sulcal arteries which enter the spinal cord

71
Q

2 posterior spinal arteries

A

originate from the vertebral artery or the posterioinferior cerebellar artery
anastomosis with the one another in the Pia mater

72
Q

blood supply to the spinal cord below the cervical level

A

support via anastomosing with segmental medullary and radicular arteries

73
Q

origin of the anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries

A

derived from spinal branches of number of arteries before entering vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina

74
Q

great anterior segmental artery of Adamkiewicz

A

reinforces circulation to inferior 2/3 of spinal cord
found on left in majority of individuals

75
Q

radicular arteries

A

supply and follow the path of the anterior and posterior nerve roots
some radicular arteries may also contribute to supplying the spinal cord

76
Q

what is a stroke

A

acute development of neurological deficit
due to disturbance in blood supply fo the brain

77
Q

4 main causes of cerebrovascular accident

A

thrombosis
embolism
hypoperfusion
haemorrhage

78
Q

thrombosis

A

obstruction of blood vessel by locally forming clot

79
Q

embolism

A

obstruction of blood vessel by embolus formed elsewhere

80
Q

hypoperfusiopn

A

lack of blood supply to therein
due to systemically low blood pressure

81
Q

haemorrhage

A

accumulation of blood within the cranial cavity

82
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation of an artery
greater than 50% of normal diameter
most likely to occur in COW

83
Q

spinal cord infarction

A

spinal stroke
refers to the death of nervous tissue
results from interruption of arterial supply

84
Q

olfactory foramina

A

cribriform plate in ethmoid

85
Q

optic foramina

A

optic canal in sphenoid

86
Q

oculomotor foramina

A

superior orbital tissue in sphenoid

87
Q

trochlear foramina

A

superior orbital issues in sphenoid

88
Q

trigeminal foramina

A

foramen ovale in sphenoid

89
Q

abducens foramina

A

superior orbital issues in sphenoid

90
Q

facial foramina

A

facial canal in temporal

91
Q

vestibulocochlear foramina

A

internal acoustic meatus in temporal

92
Q

glossopharyngeal foramina

A

jugular foramen

93
Q

vagus foramina

A

jugular foramen

94
Q

accessory spinal foramina

A

jugular foramen

95
Q

hypoglossal foramina

A

hypoglossal canal in occipital

96
Q

where is the jugular formant

A

between occipital and temporal bones

97
Q

label image

A
98
Q

label the image

A

internal acoustic meatus

99
Q

label image

A

internal acoustic meatus
jugular foramen

100
Q

label the image

A

hypoglossal canal

101
Q

label image

A
102
Q

label image

A
103
Q

label image

A
104
Q

label image

A
105
Q

label image

A
106
Q

label image

A
107
Q

label image

A

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

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