Anatomy: Internal brain

Question 1

3 major divisions of the brainstem

Answer 1

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

Question 2

medulla oblongata

Answer 2

connects the brainstem to the spina cord
contains nuclei to ensure cardiovascular and respiratory systems are functioning and for reflexive actions (vomiting, swallowing, coughing and sneezing)
several cranial nerves exit at this level

Question 3

pons

Answer 3

large rounded structure connecting the medulla to the midbrain
contains nuclei for cranial nerves and nuclei for sensations from head and face, motor movements of eyes, face and mouth, hearing, equilibrium and autonomic functions such as tears and saliva production

Question 4

midbrain

Answer 4

posterior side has 4 bumps, superior and inferior colliculi
ventral tegmental and substantia nigra which are major dopamine producing nuclei of the brain

Question 5

superior colliculi

Answer 5

eye movements and visual processing

Question 6

inferior colliculi

Answer 6

auditory processing

Question 7

ventral tegmental

Answer 7

motivation and reward

Question 8

substantia nigra

Answer 8

movement

Question 9

where is the basal ganglia located

Answer 9

deep in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

Question 10

structures that make up the basal ganglia

Answer 10

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
sub thalamic nucleus

Question 11

collective role of the basal ganglia

Answer 11

facilitating movement

Question 12

what forms the striatum

Answer 12

caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 13

information pathway of the basal ganglia

Answer 13

information comes from cerebral cortex
to the caudate or putamen which are the main input nuclei
globus pallidus and substantia nigra (main output nuclei)
send projections out of the basal ganglia
to the thalamus
to the cerebral cortex and nuclei in the brainstem

Question 14

mechanism of output of the basal ganglia

Answer 14

not fully understood
doesnt independently cause movement
it influences other areas of the brain
hypothesis is that circuits promote and inhibit movement
the main output is inhibitory
neurons in the globus pallidus are constantly inhibiting the thalamus to prevent unwanted movements
via direct pathways or indirect pathways

Question 15

direct pathways

Answer 15

signal sent to basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
putamen
leads to the silencing of neurons in the globus pallidus
frees the thalamus of inhibitory effects of the globus pallidus to allow movement

Question 16

indirect pathway

Answer 16

subthalamic nucleus
leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements

Question 17

what does a balance in pathways lead to

Answer 17

smooth movements

Question 18

label the image of the brainstem

Answer 18

Question 19

cerebral peduncles

Answer 19

bundle of axons
attach cerebrum to the brainstem
corticospinal tracts run here

Question 20

inferior olivary nucleus

Answer 20

regulate motor coordination and learning

Question 21

decussation of the pyramids

Answer 21

fibres of corticospinal tracts swap sides
slightly flattened pyramids as fibres run transversely not vertically

Question 22

midbrain images

Answer 22

Question 23

pons images

Answer 23

Question 24

medulla images, upper medulla

Answer 24

Question 25

medulla images, lower medulla

Answer 25

Question 26

what are the components of the lentiform nucleus

Answer 26

globus pallidus interna and externa putamen

Question 27

thalamus

Answer 27

medial and more posterior both sides of the 3rd ventricle

Question 28

globus pallidus and putamen

Answer 28

globus pallidus is more medial and more inferior putamen is more lateral caudate nucleus and putamen are anterior to the globus pallidus swill be sections you'll find putamen and caudate nucleus but not the thalamus and globus pallidus

Question 29

caudate nucleus

Answer 29

external to the lateral ventricles c shaped like lateral ventricles

Question 30

what is visible in a superior transverse image of the brain

Answer 30

caudate nucleus

Question 31

what is seen in the first inferior transverse image of the brain

Answer 31

caudate nucleus putamen thalamus

Question 32

what is seen in the most inferior transverse image of the brain

Answer 32

caudate nucleus putamen thalamus globus pallidus

Question 33

what is seen in a more anterior coronal section of the brain

Answer 33

caudate nucleus putamen

Question 34

what is seen in a more posterior coronal section of the brain

Answer 34

caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus thalamus

Question 35

label the areas of the brain

Answer 35

Question 36

frontal lobe function

Answer 36

motor control in prefrontal cortex problem solving in prefrontal area speech production in brocas area

Question 37

parietal lobe function

Answer 37

touch perception in somatosensory cortex body orientation and sensory discrimination

Question 38

occipital lobe function

Answer 38

sight in visual cortex visual reception and visual interpretation

Question 39

cerebellum function

Answer 39

balance and coordination

Question 40

brainstem function

Answer 40

involuntary responses

Question 41

temporal lobe function

Answer 41

auditory processing, hearing language comprehension in wernickes area memory/ information retrieval

Question 42

thalamus function

Answer 42

relay motor and sensory signals to cerebral cortex role in emotion, memory and arousal

Question 43

cerebellum function

Answer 43

balance, movement and coordination

Question 44

corpos callosum function

Answer 44

central structure providing communication between the hemispheres

Question 45

optic chiasm function

Answer 45

crossover point between left and right optic nerves

Question 46

pituitary gland function

Answer 46

secretes several neurotrophic hormones tumour here can compress the optic chiasm and cause visual field defects

Question 47

label scan of brain

Answer 47

Question 48

label

Answer 48

Question 49

Answer 49

Question 50

function of the dorsal column

Answer 50

fine touch and proprioception

Question 51

nerve endings for fine touch

Answer 51

meissners corpuscle pacinian corpuscle Ruffini endings merkle endings

Question 52

type of neuron in dorsal column medial lemniscus

Answer 52

pseudo unipolar

Question 53

pseudo unipolar neuron

Answer 53

axons in 2 directions

Question 54

pathway of dorsal column medial lemniscus

Answer 54

upper and lower limb neurons to dorsal root ganglion to the gracile and cuneate fasciculus dorsal column brainstem to medulla oblongata to cuneate and gracile nucleus axons decussate to other side, internal arcuate fibres then through rest of brainstem= medial lemniscus synapse in thalamus at ventral posterolateral nucleus post central gyrus in cortex

Question 55

lower limb to which fasiculus

Answer 55

gracile enters more caudally

Question 56

upper limb to which fasciculus

Answer 56

cuneate enter more rostrally

Question 57

3 neuron locations in the dorsal column medial lemniscus

Answer 57

dorsal root ganglion gracile/ cuneate nucleus ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus

Question 58

function of the spinothalamic tract

Answer 58

conveys pain temperature and crude touch

Question 59

pathway of spinothalamic tract

Answer 59

pseudounipolar in dorsal root ganglion enters spinal cord and ascends or descends within lissauers fasciculus (1-2 levels) synapses in cell body of dorsal horn of grey matter axons decussate and ascend in spinothalamic fasciculus and is called anterior white commisure neurons located in substantia gelatinosa/nucleus proprius= cell body collection in dorsal horn then ascends through brainstem and synapses in the thalamus thalamus to post central gyrus of cortex

Question 60

locations of 3 neurons in spino thalamic tract

Answer 60

dorsal root ganglion dorsal horn of spinal cord thalamus

Question 61

which type of neuron in spinothalamic tract

Answer 61

pseudo unipolar

Question 62

function of the corticospinal tract

Answer 62

coveys axial and limb motor control

Question 63

corticospinal tract pathway

Answer 63

begins in the pre-central gyrus, primary motor cortex 2 neurons descend through the internal capsule to the brainstem to the medulla and 75-90% decussate= limb innervation rest is axial and doesnt decussate yet fibres run down the anterior and lateral corticospinal at the target level the anterior will decussate in anterior white commissure before synapsing in anterior horn of grey matter lateral fibres at level will synapse onto neuron in anterior horn anterior horn cells project to axial and limb muscles

Question 64

2 neuron pathway, corticospinal

Answer 64

upper motor neuron arising in the cortex lower motor neuron arising in the anterior horn

Question 65

how do you know the dorsal part of spinal cord

Answer 65

back part of the butterfly wings

Question 66

label the image

Answer 66

Question 67

Answer 67

Question 68

Answer 68