Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine: Anatomy > Anatomy: Internal brain > Flashcards

Anatomy: Internal brain Flashcards

1
Q

3 major divisions of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects the brainstem to the spina cord
contains nuclei to ensure cardiovascular and respiratory systems are functioning and for reflexive actions (vomiting, swallowing, coughing and sneezing)
several cranial nerves exit at this level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pons

A

large rounded structure connecting the medulla to the midbrain
contains nuclei for cranial nerves and nuclei for sensations from head and face, motor movements of eyes, face and mouth, hearing, equilibrium and autonomic functions such as tears and saliva production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

midbrain

A

posterior side has 4 bumps, superior and inferior colliculi
ventral tegmental and substantia nigra which are major dopamine producing nuclei of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

superior colliculi

A

eye movements and visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ventral tegmental

A

motivation and reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

substantia nigra

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the basal ganglia located

A

deep in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

structures that make up the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
sub thalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

collective role of the basal ganglia

A

facilitating movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what forms the striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

information pathway of the basal ganglia

A

information comes from cerebral cortex
to the caudate or putamen which are the main input nuclei
globus pallidus and substantia nigra (main output nuclei)
send projections out of the basal ganglia
to the thalamus
to the cerebral cortex and nuclei in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mechanism of output of the basal ganglia

A

not fully understood
doesnt independently cause movement
it influences other areas of the brain
hypothesis is that circuits promote and inhibit movement
the main output is inhibitory
neurons in the globus pallidus are constantly inhibiting the thalamus to prevent unwanted movements
via direct pathways or indirect pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

direct pathways

A

signal sent to basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
putamen
leads to the silencing of neurons in the globus pallidus
frees the thalamus of inhibitory effects of the globus pallidus to allow movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

indirect pathway

A

subthalamic nucleus
leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does a balance in pathways lead to

A

smooth movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

label the image of the brainstem

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

bundle of axons
attach cerebrum to the brainstem
corticospinal tracts run here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

regulate motor coordination and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

decussation of the pyramids

A

fibres of corticospinal tracts swap sides
slightly flattened pyramids as fibres run transversely not vertically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

midbrain images

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pons images

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

medulla images, upper medulla

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

medulla images, lower medulla

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the components of the lentiform nucleus

A

globus pallidus interna and externa
putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

thalamus

A

medial and more posterior
both sides of the 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

globus pallidus and putamen

A

globus pallidus is more medial and more inferior
putamen is more lateral
caudate nucleus and putamen are anterior to the globus pallidus swill be sections you’ll find putamen and caudate nucleus but not the thalamus and globus pallidus

29
Q

caudate nucleus

A

external to the lateral ventricles
c shaped like lateral ventricles

30
Q

what is visible in a superior transverse image of the brain

A

caudate nucleus

31
Q

what is seen in the first inferior transverse image of the brain

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
thalamus

32
Q

what is seen in the most inferior transverse image of the brain

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
thalamus
globus pallidus

33
Q

what is seen in a more anterior coronal section of the brain

A

caudate nucleus
putamen

34
Q

what is seen in a more posterior coronal section of the brain

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
thalamus

35
Q

label the areas of the brain

A
36
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor control in prefrontal cortex
problem solving in prefrontal area
speech production in brocas area

37
Q

parietal lobe function

A

touch perception in somatosensory cortex
body orientation and sensory discrimination

38
Q

occipital lobe function

A

sight in visual cortex
visual reception and visual interpretation

39
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance and coordination

40
Q

brainstem function

A

involuntary responses

41
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory processing, hearing
language comprehension in wernickes area
memory/ information retrieval

42
Q

thalamus function

A

relay motor and sensory signals to cerebral cortex
role in emotion, memory and arousal

43
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance, movement and coordination

44
Q

corpos callosum function

A

central structure providing communication between the hemispheres

45
Q

optic chiasm function

A

crossover point between left and right optic nerves

46
Q

pituitary gland function

A

secretes several neurotrophic hormones
tumour here can compress the optic chiasm and cause visual field defects

47
Q

label scan of brain

A
48
Q

label

A
49
Q
A
50
Q

function of the dorsal column

A

fine touch and proprioception

51
Q

nerve endings for fine touch

A

meissners corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini endings
merkle endings

52
Q

type of neuron in dorsal column medial lemniscus

A

pseudo unipolar

53
Q

pseudo unipolar neuron

A

axons in 2 directions

54
Q

pathway of dorsal column medial lemniscus

A

upper and lower limb neurons to dorsal root ganglion
to the gracile and cuneate fasciculus
dorsal column
brainstem to medulla oblongata
to cuneate and gracile nucleus
axons decussate to other side, internal arcuate fibres then through rest of brainstem= medial lemniscus
synapse in thalamus at ventral posterolateral nucleus
post central gyrus in cortex

55
Q

lower limb to which fasiculus

A

gracile
enters more caudally

56
Q

upper limb to which fasciculus

A

cuneate
enter more rostrally

57
Q

3 neuron locations in the dorsal column medial lemniscus

A

dorsal root ganglion
gracile/ cuneate nucleus
ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus

58
Q

function of the spinothalamic tract

A

conveys pain temperature and crude touch

59
Q

pathway of spinothalamic tract

A

pseudounipolar in dorsal root ganglion
enters spinal cord and ascends or descends within lissauers fasciculus (1-2 levels)
synapses in cell body of dorsal horn of grey matter
axons decussate and ascend in spinothalamic fasciculus and is called anterior white commisure
neurons located in substantia gelatinosa/nucleus proprius= cell body collection in dorsal horn
then ascends through brainstem and synapses in the thalamus
thalamus to post central gyrus of cortex

60
Q

locations of 3 neurons in spino thalamic tract

A

dorsal root ganglion
dorsal horn of spinal cord
thalamus

61
Q

which type of neuron in spinothalamic tract

A

pseudo unipolar

62
Q

function of the corticospinal tract

A

coveys axial and limb motor control

63
Q

corticospinal tract pathway

A

begins in the pre-central gyrus, primary motor cortex
2 neurons
descend through the internal capsule to the brainstem
to the medulla and 75-90% decussate= limb innervation
rest is axial and doesnt decussate yet
fibres run down the anterior and lateral corticospinal
at the target level the anterior will decussate in anterior white commissure before synapsing in anterior horn of grey matter
lateral fibres at level will synapse onto neuron in anterior horn
anterior horn cells project to axial and limb muscles

64
Q

2 neuron pathway, corticospinal

A

upper motor neuron arising in the cortex
lower motor neuron arising in the anterior horn

65
Q

how do you know the dorsal part of spinal cord

A

back part of the butterfly wings

66
Q

label the image

A
67
Q
A
68
Q
A

Medicine: Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions