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the Sierra Corporations Annual Newsletter > AIM Chapter 7 Safety of Flight > Flashcards

AIM Chapter 7 Safety of Flight Flashcards

1
Q

Prevailing visibility

A

greatest visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least one half of the horizon circle
7-1-17(b)

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2
Q

When will the tower make visibility reports?

A

When prevailing visibility is below 4sm

7-1-17(c)

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3
Q

Light rain

A

From scattered drops that, regardless of duration, do not completely wet an exposed surface up to a condition where individual drops are easily seen
7-1-18(a)(1)

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4
Q

Moderate Rain

A

Individual drops are not clearly identifiable
Spray is observable just above the surface
7-1-18(a)(2)

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5
Q

Heavy Rain

A

Falls in sheets
Individual drops are not easily identifiable
Heavy spray to height of several inches
7-1-18(a)(3)

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6
Q

Light ice pellets

A

Scattered pellets that do not completely cover an exposed surface
Visibility is not affected
7-1-18(b)(1)

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7
Q

Moderate ice pellets

A

Slow accumulation on ground
Visibility reduced to less than 7sm
7-1-18(b)(2)

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8
Q

Heavy ice pellets

A

Rapid accumulation on ground
Visibility reduced to less than 3sm
7-1-18(b)(3)

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9
Q

Light snow

A

Visibility greater than 1/2sm

7-1-19(a)

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10
Q

Moderate snow

A

Visibility between 1/2-1/4sm

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11
Q

Heavy snow

A

Visibility less than 1/4sm

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12
Q

Trace airframe icing

A

Ice becomes perceptible
Accumulation is slightly greater than sublimation
7-1-21(b)(1)

Accretion rate less than 1/4 inch per hr

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13
Q

Light airframe icing

A

Rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment for over 1 hour
7-1-21(b)(2)

Rate of accumulation requires occasional cycling of manual deicing systems to minimize ice accretions on the airframe . Pilot should consider exiting the icing condition

Rate of accretion: 1/4 to 1 inch per hr

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14
Q

Moderate airframe icing

A

Rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment is necessary
7-1-21(b)(3)

The rate of ice accumulation requires frequent cycling of manual deicing systems to minimize ice accretion so the airframe. Pilot should consider exiting the icing condition ASAP.

Accretion Rate: 1-3 inches per hr

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15
Q

Severe airframe icing

A

Accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard
7-1-21(b)(4)

Accumulation is such that ice protection systems fail to remove the accumulation of ice and ice accumulates in areas not normally prone to icing such as those aft of protected surfaces.

Accretion Rate: More than 3 inches per hr

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16
Q

Intercycle ice

A

Ice that builds up between activation of the deicing system

7-1-22

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17
Q

Residual ice

A

Ice which remains immediately after activation of the deicing system
7-1-22

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18
Q

What is the aircraft reaction in light turbulence?

A

Turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude or attitude
Table 7-1-9

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19
Q

Light chop

A

Turbulence that causes slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude
Table 7-1-9

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20
Q

Reaction inside aircraft to light turbulence

A

Occupants feel a slight strain against seat belts.
Unsecured objects may be displaced slightly.
Food service can continue
No difficulty in walking
Table 7-1-9

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21
Q

Aircraft reaction to moderate turbulence

A

Similar to light but of greater intensity
Changes in altitude and attitude occur but aircraft remains in positive control
Causes variations in indicated airspeed
Table 7-1-9

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22
Q

Moderate chop

A

Rapid bumps or jolts without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude
Table 7-1-9

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23
Q

Reaction inside aircraft to moderate turbulence

A

Occupants feel definite strain agains seatbelts
Unsecured objects are dislodged
Food service and walking are difficult
Table 7-1-9

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24
Q

Aircraft reaction to severe turbulence

A

Turbulence that causes large abrupt changes in altitude or attitude
Large variation in indicated airspeed
Aircraft may be momentarily out of control
Table 7-1-9

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25
Q

Reaction for passengers in severe turbulence

A

Occupants are forced violently against seat belts
Unsecured objects are tossed about
Food service and walking are impossible
Table 7-1-9

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26
Q

Aircraft reaction in extreme turbulence

A

Aircraft is violently tossed about and impossible to control
May cause structural damage
Table 7-1-9

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27
Q

Occasional turbulence

A

Less than 1/3 of the time

Table 7-1-9

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28
Q

Intermittent turbulence

A

1/3-2/3 of the time

Table 7-1-9

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29
Q

Continuous turbulence

A

More than 2/3 of the time

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30
Q

How far from the center of a wake turbulence vortex should a pilot avoid?

A

100’ from the core

7-3-2

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31
Q

Wake turbulence vortices descend at what rate?

A

Several hundred feet per minute

7-3-4

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32
Q

When close to the ground wake turbulence vortices move how fast over the ground

A

2 or 3 knots

7-3-4(a)(3)

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33
Q

How should a pilot approach a mountain wave?

A

Approach at 45 degree angle
Add 1,000’ or so of altitude
7-5-6(j)

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34
Q

How much wind is required to form a mountain wave?

A

15kts or more at an intersection angle of not less than 30 degrees
7-5-6(j)(1)

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35
Q

When will “Check Density Altitude” be broadcast?

A

At airports with control tower at or above 2000’msl when the temp reaches a predetermined level
7-5-6(I)(1)

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36
Q

Flight through volcanic ash can result in

A

Smoke or dust in cockpit
Acrid odor similar to electrical smoke
Multiple engine malfunctions- including increasing EGT
St. Elmo’s fire, bright orange glow in engine inlets
Fire warning in forward cargo area
Unreliable airspeed indications
7-5-9(d)

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37
Q

A plane passes over you at 600’. Would this be considered a mid air collision?

A

No. Needs to be less than 500 ft

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38
Q

Light drizzle

A

Visibility more than 1/2 SM

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39
Q

Moderate Drizzle

A

Visibility more than 1/4 SM up to 1/2 SM

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40
Q

Heavy drizzle

A

Visibility 1/4 sm or less

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41
Q

What is the lowest reportable visibility value of an AWOS?

A

Less than 1/4
“visibility less than one quarter”

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42
Q

When will an AWOS report density altitude?

A

When it exceeds the field elevation by more than 1000 ft

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43
Q

An AWOS visibility value is calculated using?…

A

Using a 10 min average

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44
Q

An AWOS ceiling value is calculated using?…

A

Using the past 30 min of ceilometer data to derive cloud layers and heights

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45
Q

Where is an AWOS visibility sensor found on an airport?

A

Near the touchdown of the primary instrument runway.

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46
Q

What should you note about any other info provided by AWOS-A or AWOS-AV besides the altimeter and visibility reports?

A

If there is any additional information, it is ADVISORY ONLY

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47
Q

How often does AWOS/ASOS update?

A

Once a minute

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48
Q

How long is a typical AWOS weather message?

A

20-30 sec

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49
Q

What does it mean if “test” is spoken after “automated weather observation” on an AWOS frequency?

A

The system is not in commissioned status

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50
Q

What does precipitation occurrence mean in relation to AWOS?

A

“precipitation” will be announced if precipitation is occurring but the type and intensity are not determined unless the AWOS has other sensors (like precipitation identification)

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51
Q

What can be included in automated AWOS remarks?

A
  1. density altitude
  2. Variable visibility
  3. Variable wind direction
  4. NOTAMs
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52
Q

What can be included in manual input remarks for AWOS?

A
  1. Type and intensity of precipitation
  2. Thunderstorms and direction
  3. Obstructions to vision when the visibility is 3 SM or less
  4. Anything item in the normal body of the AWOS for which the sensor is broken
53
Q

An AWOS RVR value is calculated using?…

A

10 min average

54
Q

What is the size of GS (small hail)?

A

Less than 1/4 inch

55
Q

When will variable visibilities be reported?

A

When the visibility is less than 3 sm

56
Q

When will variable ceilings be reported?

A

When the ceiling (s) less than 3000 ft

57
Q

10066

A

6 hr maximum temperature is 6.6 C
Is reported at 00, 06, 12, and 18 Z

58
Q

21012

(In a metar)

A

6 hr minimum temperature is -1.2 C
Is reported at 00, 06, 12, and 18 Z

59
Q

400461006

A

24 hr maximum and minimum temperatures
Reported at midnight local standard time
Max 4.6 C
Min -0.6 C

60
Q

58033

(In a metar)

A

Pressure Tendency
Pressure changed 3.3 hPa in the past 3 hr

61
Q

70089 mean and what does P0089 mean?

A

24 hour rainfall reported in hundredths
0.89in

62
Q

P0089

A

Hourly precipitation reported in hundredths

63
Q

What is WARP?

A

Weather Radar Processor
Used at ARTCCs to show precipitation and give that info to aircraft.

64
Q

True/False: Some ATC facilities cannot display intensity of precipitation

A

True

65
Q

Up to how old is WARP data when it is received by ARTCC controllers?

A

6 min

66
Q

ARSR

A

Air Route Surveillance Radar
Used when WARP isn’t available at ARTCCs
Displays 2 levels of precipitation intensity
Moderate = 30 to 40 dBz
Heavy to extreme = more than 40 dBz

67
Q

ARTCC

A

Air Route Traffic Control Center

68
Q

Can ATC radar detect turbulence?

A

no

69
Q

When requesting a deviation for weather from ATC what should pilots include?

A
  1. heading or degrees
  2. direction of deviation
  3. approximate number of miles
70
Q

How often does RVR update and become available for ATC to disseminate to aircraft?

A

Once a min

71
Q

When will tower visibility be reported?

A

When the visibility at the usual point of observation or the tower is less than 4 sm. The lower reading is used as prevailing visibility.

72
Q

Who can pilots give PIREPs to?

A

FSS’s, ARTCC’s, or terminal ATC in flight

or can contact FSS or Weather Forecast Office (WFO) on ground

73
Q

What does WV/290030 mean in a PIREP

A

Wind velocity 290 at 30 kt magnetic

74
Q

On some aircraft ___inch(s) of ice reduces lifting power by __% and increases frictional drag by an equal percentage.

A

1/2 inch

50%

75
Q

In extreme cases, __ to __ inches of ice can form on the leading edge of the airfoil in less than ___min

A

2 to 3 inches

5 min

76
Q

Pilots can expect ice when flying in visible moisture and the temperature is between ___ and ___ deg C

A

+2 C and -10 C

77
Q

Under what CFR are aircraft certified for icing?

A

14 CFR Part 25 or 29 Appendix C

78
Q

Drizzle Definition

A

Precipitation at the ground or aloft that in form of liquid water drops with diameters less than 0.5 mm and greater than 0.05 mm

79
Q

Rain Definition

A

Water droplets greater than 0.5 mm in diameter

80
Q

How big are cloud droplets?

A

Less than 0.05 mm in diameter

81
Q

CAT

A

Clear air turbulence

Should be reported when pilots experience high level turbulence usually above 15,000 ASL and is not associated with cumuliform cloudiness including intensity

82
Q

How should wind shear be reported?

A

Pilots should state the loss or gain of airspeed and the altitudes at which is was encountered

Pilots should not describe wind shear as positive or negative as pilots could take that to mean there is no wind shear if negative is stated

83
Q

Where do microbursts commonly occur?

A

Within the heavy rain portion of thunderstorms and in much weaker benign appearing convective cells that have little or no precipitation reaching the ground.

84
Q

What kind of gas are volcanoes a significant source of? How can it be detected?

A

Sulfur Dioxide SO2
Rotten egg smell.

85
Q

How far from severe thunderstorms can severe turbulence be expected?

A

20 miles

86
Q

How far from less severe thunderstorms can you expect severe turbulence?

A

10 miles

87
Q

No flight path through an area of strong or very strong radar echoes separated by ____to____ miles or less may be considered free of severe turbulence.

A

20 to 30

88
Q

The fact that turbulence should not be minimized beneath a thunderstorm is especially true when relative humidity is ____ in any layer between the SFC and _______ft

A

Low; 15,0000 ft

89
Q

Where do a high percentage of midair collisions occur? Height AGL/distance from airport

A

Below 8000 ft within 30 miles of an airport

90
Q

Guy wires can extend ______ from a structure

A

1500 ft

91
Q

All skeletal structures should be avoided by __________

A

2000 fr

92
Q

When a laser event is reported an air traffic facility, a general caution warning will….

A

1) be broadcast on all appropriate frequencies every 5 min for 20 min
2) And on the ATIS for 1 hr following the report

93
Q

Microburst: Horizontal winds near the surface can be as strong as…

A

45 kt

94
Q

How intense can downdrafts be in a microburst?

A

6000 fpm

95
Q

In Hawaii will there be regular SIGMET criteria or international verbiage when when reading a flight briefing?

A

international

96
Q

What are SIGMETs in Alaska also issued for tha SIGMETs over the contiguous US are not?

A

In addition to the standard set of things…
Tornadoes
Lines of thunderstorms
Embedded thunderstorms
Hail greater than or equal to 3/4 in diameter

97
Q

Are convective SIGMETS issued in all 50 US states?

A

No, they are not issued in Alaska or Hawaii.

98
Q

What is a SIGMET bulletin and when are they issued?

A

They are updates to convective SIGMETs.

They are issued at the HR+55 every hr and if no convective SIGMET criteria exists, they read “CONVECTIVE SIGMET …NONE”

99
Q

How long is the forecast in a convective SIGMET valid?

A

up to 2 hr.

100
Q

When is separation applied to aircraft operating directly behind a super or heavy?

A

Any aircraft directly behind a super or heavy at the same altitude or less than 1000 ft below

AND

To SMALL aircraft directly behind a B757 at the same altitude or 500 ft below.

101
Q

What is the required separation for a small behind a super: same altitude or less than 1000 ft below?

A

8 miles

102
Q

What is the separation required for a small behind a heavy? : same altitude or less than 1000 ft below

A

5 miles

103
Q

What is the separation required for a small behind a B757 at the same altitude or less than 1000 ft below?

A

4 miles

104
Q

What separation is required for a SMALL aircraft landing behind a heavy?

A

6 miles

105
Q

What separation is required for a SMALL landing behind a Large (non B757)?

A

4 miles

106
Q

Which 3 min wake turbulence intervals may be waived for SMALL aircraft?

A

On takeoff

  • from an intersection on the same runway (taking off in the same or opposite direction of the preceding aircraft) behind a LARGE aircraft (except B757)

-in the opposite direction on the same RWY behind a B757 TO or low/MAP

107
Q

What is the wake turbulence separation interval for small aircraft to takeoff behind a large aircraft or B757?

A

3 min

Depending on the scenario, it may be waived upon pilot request

108
Q

What 3 min takeoff intervals may not be waived upon pilot request for SMALL aircraft?

A
  • takeoff from an INTERSECTION on the same RWY (departing in the same or opposite direction) behind a B757

OR

  • takeoff in the opposite direction on the same RWY behind a B757 takeoff or low/missed approach
109
Q

Besides departing after a big aircraft on the same runway they were operating on, when/where else will wake turbulence separation be provided ?

A

-a parallel runway less than 2500 ft away WITH less than 500 ft threshold stagger

OR
- a crossing RWY and projected flight paths will cross

110
Q

AWOS-A

A

Altimeter

111
Q

AWOS-AV

A

Altimeter and Visibility

112
Q

AWOS-1

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude

113
Q

AWOS-2

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
VISIBILITY

114
Q

AWOS-3

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
CLOUD/CEILING DATA

115
Q

AWOS-3P

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
Cloud/Ceiling Data
PRECIPITATION IDENTIFICATION

116
Q

AWOS-3T

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
Cloud/Ceiling Data
THUNDERSTORM/LIGHTNING

117
Q

AWOS-3PT

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
Cloud/Ceiling Data
PRECIPITATION
THUNDERSTORM/LIGHTNING

118
Q

AWOS-4

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
Cloud/Ceiling Data
PRECIPITATION OCCURRENCE, TYPE, AND ACCUMULATION
FREEZING RAIN
THUNDERSTORM/LIGHTNING
RUNWAY SURFACE SENSOR

119
Q

ASOS

A

Altimeter
Wind
Temperature
Dew Point
Density Altitude
Visibility
Cloud/Ceiling Data
PRECIPITATION IDENTIFICATION
RAINFALL ACCUMULATION
FREEZING RAIN
REMARKS

120
Q

When will a CWA be issued?

A

Conditions meeting convective SIGMET criteria within 2 areas:
Icing - moderate or greater
Turbulence - moderate or greater
Heavy precipitation
Freezing precipitation
Conditions at or approaching low IFR
Surface winds/gusts >30 kts
Low Level Wind Shear (Surface - 2000ft)
Volcanic Ash
Dust Storms or Sandstorms lowering visibility below 3 miles

121
Q

What are the requirements for a thunderstorm to develop?

A

Lifting source
Unstable air
Moisture

122
Q

Is it safe to fly under the anvil of a thunderstorm?

A

No

123
Q

What is the criteria for a storm to be called a severe thunderstorm?

A

Winds 50 kts or more
Hail 3/4 inch

124
Q

How fast can a pilot expect downdraft to be on the leeward side of a moutain?

A

1,500 to 2,000 fpm

125
Q

At what speeds are small aircraft advised to not fly over the mountains?

A

35mph

126
Q

How far out are mountain waves felt past the Rockies?

A

700 miles downwind

127
Q

What are some aircraft indications that an airplane will exhibit when in mountain wave turbulence?

A

Difficulty holding altitude, airspeed, pitch and trim changes

128
Q

What is “Flat White”?

A

Flat light is an optical illusion, also known as “sector or partial white out.” It is not as severe as “white out” but the condition causes pilots to lose their depth-of-field and contrast in vision. Flat light conditions are usually accompanied by overcast skies inhibiting any visual clues.

129
Q

What is a “Brown out”?

A

A brownout (or brown-out) is an in-flight visibility restriction due to dust or sand in the air. In a brownout, the pilot cannot see nearby objects which provide the outside visual references necessary to control the aircraft near the ground. This can cause spatial disorientation and loss of situational awareness leading to an accident.

(7–6–14)

the Sierra Corporations Annual Newsletter (35 decks)

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