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British History HLS > ADV INFO The Condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations > Flashcards

ADV INFO The Condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations Flashcards

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1
Q

What united Ireland with the rest of Britain

A

the act of union

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2
Q

when was the act of union

A

1800

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3
Q

What did the opposition in Ireland demand after the act of union

A

Catholic emancipation

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4
Q

what is catholic emancipation

A

the process by which historic restrictions on Irish Catholics were lifted, giving them equal civil rights to non-Catholics.

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5
Q

When was catholic emancipation granted

A

1829

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6
Q

what granted catholic emancipation

A

the roman catholic relief act

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7
Q

what caused dissatisfaction among the largely Catholic Irish population

A

the fact that the church of Ireland was established as the state church alongside the church of England

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8
Q

What was there a campaign for in the 1840s

A

the repeal of the act of union

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9
Q

when was the great famine (Irish potato famine)

A

1845 and 1848

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10
Q

how many people died during the great famine

A

one million

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11
Q

what was the result of the Irish potato famine and its deaths

A

a further million Irish people chose to emigrate to the USA

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12
Q

how much did the Irish population decrease by

A

over 20%

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13
Q

what was the famine caused by

A

potato blight

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14
Q

why did the potato blight epidemic have the biggest effect in Ireland?

A

because of their greater reliance on the potato and issues surrounding land ownership and the corn laws

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15
Q

what did the famine cause

A

resentment against British rule and demand for reform and home rule.

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16
Q

Who owned the majority of land in Ireland

A

Anglo-Irish landlords who were frequently absent from the country

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17
Q

what did the mass eviction of farmers lead to

A

the descent into an unbreakable cycle of poverty

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18
Q

how many families were evicted in 1850

A

19,949

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19
Q

how many families were evicted in 1891

A

1098

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20
Q

What did Gladstone announce when he found out he had won the 1867 election

A

‘my mission is to pacify Ireland’

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21
Q

What did Gladstone believe was the key cause of unrest in Ireland

A

religion

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22
Q

what act was passed in 1869 to help with religion

A

the disestablishment of the church of Ireland

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23
Q

what was the disestablishment of the church of Ireland designed to do

A

to quell the unrest and fitted well with the Liberals’ attitude toward the established church

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24
Q

what per cent of the Irish population was catholic

A

90%

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25
Q

What was the result of the Anglican church existing in such a catholic community

A

5.3 million out of 5.8 million people were paying a tithe (10% of their income) to the Anglican church, a church they did not attend

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26
Q

Why was the disestablishment act so popular in Ireland

A

Because only a quarter of the assets of the church was used to improve schools, hospitals and workhouses, meaning that the poor benefitted from the act.

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27
Q

Where did the disestablishment act face fierce opposition?

A

parliament, most notably from the bishops in the House of Lords.

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28
Q

who else disapproved of the disestablishment act

A

queen victoria

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29
Q

who realised there was no realistic chance of defeating the disestablishment act

A

Disraeli

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30
Q

What society was formed in the 1850s

A

the Fenians

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31
Q

who started the Fenians

A

James Stephens in the USA

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32
Q

When did the Fenians start operating in Britain

A

1867

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33
Q

what were the Fenians

A

a militant nationalist group who wanted to end the Union with Britain.

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34
Q

what were the Fenians willing to use

A

violent methods to try and achieve their aim of an independent Ireland

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35
Q

where was the Fenian’s violence best seen

A

their failed uprising in Manchester in 1867

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36
Q

What surprised Gladstone

A

the violence in Ireland did not subside

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37
Q

what two main issues had Gladstone originally not recognised

A

the desire for an independent Ireland and land ownership

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38
Q

What was a blow to the fishing industry which was a further blow to the Irish industry

A

the disappearnace of herring

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39
Q

Which land organisation made demands in the 1850s

A

the Irish tenant league

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40
Q

what did the Irish tenant league demand

A

three F’s

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41
Q

what were the three F’s

A

fixed tenure, fair rents and free sales

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42
Q

What was the ulster custom

A

tenants were secure in keeping their tenure as long as they paid their rent on time

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43
Q

what act was passed in 1870 to try and answer the land question

A

the land act

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44
Q

what did the land act 1870 do

A
  • tenants were not to be evicted while up to date with their rent. They were given the right to ‘free sales’ of their holding.
  • the principle of rent control was introduced
  • evicted tenants had to be paid compensation by the landlords for any improvement they had made]- it allowed tenant willing to buy their holding from their landlord to borrow 2/3rds of the purchase price from the state
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45
Q

What did Gladstone hope the Land act 1870 would do

A

calm the situation. inIreland and encourage Irish landowners to develop a more positive relationship with their tenants.

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46
Q

did the land act 1870 pass through parliament

A

it passed with little opposition

47
Q

What was the actual result of the Irish land act

A

it did not achieve its aims

48
Q

what problems did the Irish land act face

A

it did not fully address some of the major concerns of the Irish people

49
Q

what was the issue with implementing the Ulster Custom

A

it was very hard to identify where the Ulster Custom had been in place

50
Q

what was the issue with tenants having the ability to buy land

A

they could not afford to buy land: they did not have one-third of the purchase price.

51
Q

what was the issue with landlords selling

A

none of them had a real reason to sell.

52
Q

what were the issues with the eviction clauses

A

they were largely ineffective, as the rent control was not effectively imposed

53
Q

what did Gladstone have to bring in after the Land Act 1870

A

the coercion act of 1871

54
Q

what did the coercion act of 1871 do

A

it gave police extra power over arrests and imprisonment.

55
Q

how can the need for coercion be traced back to

A

the failures of the 1870 Land Act

56
Q

What happened to agriculture recovery in Ireland

A

the recovery that had taken place since the end of the Great Famine ended abruptly in the early 1870s

57
Q

when were there poor harvests in Ireland

A

between 1877 and 1879

58
Q

what happened to Farmers’ incomes

A

they fell dramatically, leading to them calling for reductions in rents

59
Q

what was formed in 1879

A

The Irish National Land League

60
Q

who formed the Irish National Land League

A

Michael Davitt

61
Q

Who was president of the Land League

A

Charles Stewart Parnell

62
Q

who joined Davitt in the Land League

A

Parnell and John Devoy ( a leading Fenian )

63
Q

what made the land league a powerful organisation

A

the combination of Davitt’s radical socialism, Parnell’s constitutional nationalism and Devoy’s militant approach

64
Q

what did the Land League do

A

provide practical help for evicted tenants, as well as carrying out a campaign of violence against selected landlords.

65
Q

who supported the land league

A

wealthy US donors

66
Q

what did the league encourage tenants to do

A

refuse to work for landlords who continued to charge excessive rents

67
Q

What was founded in 1870

A

the Home Rule Association

68
Q

who founded the Home Rule Association

A

Isaac Butt

69
Q

what happened to the Home Rule Association in 1873

A

it becomes a political party

70
Q

which organisations supported the work of the Irish home rule league

A

the catholic church and the Fenians

71
Q

what happened in the 1874 general election

A

60 Irish MPs claimed to be in favour of Home Rule

72
Q

What was Butt unable to do

A

convince Disraeli’s government that the issue should be a priority

73
Q

Who was elected as an MP in 1875

A

Parnell

74
Q

where was Parnell elected as MP for

A

County Meath

75
Q

what did Parnell become after becoming an MP

A

Leader of the Irish Home Rule League

76
Q

What was the Home Rule League renamed to

A

the Irish Parliamentary Party

77
Q

how many seats did the IPP win in 1880

A

61 seats

78
Q

who became Prime Minister in 1880

A

Gladstone

79
Q

What did Gladstone introduce in 1880

A

the coercion act

80
Q

what was the coercion act in response to

A

the violence of the Land League, which had recently assassinated the leading landowner Lord Mounmorres.

81
Q

what did the coercion act 1880 do

A

it gave the authorities greater power of arrest in Ireland.

82
Q

what was the result of the coercion act

A

Davitt was imprisoned, and 36 IPP MPs were expelled from Parliament.

83
Q

What did Gladstone pass in 1881

A

the land act

84
Q

what did the land act 1881 do

A

gave legal status to the three Fs and included the creation of land courts to ensure fair rents. This resulted in a 20% reduction in rent over the next few years

85
Q

Why did the land act put Parnell in a difficult position

A

he knew that vocal support for it would anger more radical nationalists at home, who believed that the act did not go far enough. On the other hand, he was also aware that the excessive criticism of the new law would reduce his bargaining power with the British government, including Liberal MPs who supported Home Rule.

86
Q

What did Parnell do

A

he accepted some of the acts and rejected other bits (the land courts)

87
Q

What did Parnell’s rejection of the land act lead to

A

his arrest and imprisonment in Kilmainham Jail

88
Q

why was Parnell imprisoned

A

the British believed that he was attempting to incite trouble by wrecking the act

89
Q

what was the knock-on effect of Parnell’s arrested

A

his popularity soared, and Gladstone recognised the need to release him

90
Q

How long was Parnell in prison for

A

6 months

91
Q

what did Parnell’s release lead to

A

the beginning of a more cooperative era between the IPP and the government

92
Q

what had the land act done to the land league

A

it had reduced the power of the Land League, and as a result, Gladstone felt able to offer concessions.

93
Q

what was passed in 1882

A

the Kilmainham treaty

94
Q

what did the Kilmainham treaty do

A

there were amendments to the land ac, such as providing greater support for tenants already in arrears, and the relaxation of the Coercion Act. In return, Parnell began to cooperate with the land courts, as well as reiterating his commitment to peaceful methods.

95
Q

What strengthened Parnell’s hand

A

an outbreak of violence in May 1882

96
Q

who was assassinated in May 1882

A

Lord Cavendish, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, and his undersecretary T.H Burke

97
Q

who killed Lord Cavendish and T.H. Burke

A

a militant group named the Invincibles

98
Q

What were the murders of Cavendish and Burke called

A

the phoenix park murders

99
Q

what did the Pheonix park murders lead to

A

the prevention of crimes acts 1882, suspending trial by jury.

100
Q

how did the murders provide Parnell with an opportunity

A

he was able to distance himself from such a militant approach, breaking with Davitt and setting up a new party, the Irish National League (INL)

101
Q

what was the INL committed to

A

the cause of Home Rule

102
Q

what did Parnell impose on the party

A

strict discipline, earning the nickname ‘The Dictator’.

103
Q

What did Parnell introduce

A

‘the pledge’, which forced INL MPs to vote with the party line on any issue where a majority of members had given their backing

104
Q

how did Parnell gain the support of the catholic church

A

promising to protect their control of education at both school and university level

105
Q

what was passed in 1884

A

the representation of the people act

106
Q

what did the representation of the people act do to the Irish electorate

A

it increased from 224,000 to 738,000

107
Q

what did the increase in the Irish electorate do

A

it meant that many landless labourers and tenant farmers, natural supporters of the INL, were able to vote for the first time

108
Q

what happened in the build-up to the 1885 election

A

both the Liberal and Conservative parties actively sought Parnell’s supporters of the INL could soon hold the balance of power in the Commons and were reassured by a couple of relatively peaceful years in Ireland.

109
Q

what did Joseph Chamberlain try to do

A

make an agreement with Parnell whereby the INL would support the Liberals in return for reform of Irish local government.

110
Q

Who did Parnell meet with

A

Conservative peer Lord Carnarvon

111
Q

what did Parnell do as a result of the agreement with Carnarvon

A

Parnell encouraged Irish people living in England to vote for the Conservative party

112
Q

why did Parnell want to gain the support of the Conservatives

A

the Conservatives dominated the House of Lords, so their support was necessary if there was hope of a future Home Rule Bill

113
Q

Why did the 1885 general election result offer the best opportunity for Home Rule

A

not only was a Liberal Government elected, but, with 86 seats, the INL held the balance of power. The remaining years of the decade would see Home Rule at the forefront of British political debate.

British History HLS (38 decks)

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