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British History HLS > ADV INFO - Social Developments 1914-1939 > Flashcards

ADV INFO - Social Developments 1914-1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the unemployment rate in Jarrow in 1934

A

Jarrow (the North-East) had an unemployment rate of 68%,

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2
Q

what was the unemployment rate in Merthyr Tydfil in 1934

A

62%

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3
Q

what was the unemployment rate in St Albans

A

3.9%

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4
Q

what happened to the per cent of food taking up working-class families’ budgets

A

in 1914 it was 60%, in 1938 it was 35%

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5
Q

what is a prime example of household goods

A

radios

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6
Q

why was luxury clothing becoming more available

A

cheap mass-produced suits and dresses were particularly popular with the young

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7
Q

what food was becoming available

A

cheap chocolate, fish and chips

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8
Q

what did Orwell find about the situation when things became hard

A

when times were hard, it was found that members of the working classes often went without necessities, rather than missing out on these new luxuries

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9
Q

what did Rowntree find out

A

that 7% of the population were in ‘primary poverty’ and 18% of the population overall were in poverty

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10
Q

what did Rowntree’s 1936 report also find

A

that poverty and primary poverty disproportionately affected young children

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11
Q

what happened to children in the period

A

just over half of working-class children were born into poverty and this had a significant impact on their health and life chances.

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12
Q

how can the first world war be seen as a turning point in

A

the role of women in Britain

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13
Q

how did the first world war help women

A

they gained political rights at the end of the war; their role in employment was transformed during the war; they gained great social freedom, and the advance of labour-saving devices and falling family sizes changed their role within the family

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14
Q

how was the groundwork for the role of women changed before the war

A

female participation in the trade union movement and improvements in female education

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15
Q

what happened to female participation in trade union movements

A

there were 437,000 female members by 1914

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16
Q

how was education improved for females

A

the girls’ day school trust established 33 girls’ schools between 1872 and 1900, and universities created women’s colleges

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17
Q

what did women do during the war in the industry

A

they were drafted into factories to replace the men who went off to war and to help the war effort.

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18
Q

what were the statistics for women in factories

A

500,000 women worked in ammunition factories in July 1917 and 18,000 worked in the Women’s Land Army in 1918.

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19
Q

what new areas of work did women go into

A

the civil service and the professions

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20
Q

what were the statistics for women in new jobs

A

in 1917 there were almost 500,000 women working in local government and 60,000 in banking

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21
Q

where did women break down the barriers of where it was viewed that they were weaker than men

A

women were working in the steel industry, as plumbers and electricians and as doctors

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22
Q

what did the suffragettes do

A

they called off their campaign when war broke out

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23
Q

what did the suffrage movement do

A

set about supporting the war effort

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24
Q

what was the key factor to women gaining the vote

A

their efforts during the war

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25
Q

what did the conservatives hope female emancipation would do

A

mitigate the impact of enfranchising working-class men

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26
Q

what act was passed in 1918

A

the representation of the people act gave women aged 30 and over the vote in national elections

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27
Q

what act was passed in 1919

A

the sex disqualification removal act

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28
Q

what did the sex disqualification removal act do

A

it allowed women to stand as candidates for Parliamentary seats.

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29
Q

who were the first elected women

A

countess markievicz (a Sinn Feiner who therefore did not take her seat) and nancy pastor (US-born wife of the owner of the Observer newspaper Viscount Waldorf Astor)

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30
Q

what had happened to women by 1923

A

there were 4000 female magistrates, mayors, councillors or guardians

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31
Q

what happened in 1928 for women

A

women gained the vote at the age of 21, the same age as men

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32
Q

what happened in 1929 for women

A

Margaret Bondfield became the first female cabinet minister

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33
Q

what movements were there supporting women

A

Labour Women’s sections of Cooperative GUilds offered opportunities for listening to speakers and discussing the political issue. They also organised support for movements such as the Peace Ballot.

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34
Q

what other organisations emerged to widen women’s experiences and organisations

A

the women’s institute and women’s league of health and beauty

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35
Q

what act was passed in 1923

A

the matrimonial causes act

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36
Q

what did the matrimonial causes act do

A

it meant that wives did not need to prove cruelty, desertion or another ‘cause; as well as adultery as grounds for divorce. Grounds for divorce were further extended in 1927

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37
Q

what act was passed in 1924

A

the guardian of infants act

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38
Q

what did the guardian of infants act 1924 do

A

gave joint guardianship of children to both parents, rather than just the father. Custody that was in despite would be settled by the courts.

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39
Q

what act passed in 1926

A

the new English law of property

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40
Q

what did the new English law of property do

A

gave single women the right to hold and dispose of their property on the same terms as men

41
Q

what act passed in 1935

A

the law reform act

42
Q

what did the new law reform act do

A

equalised the rules regarding property for married women, giving them the same control of their property as single women

43
Q

what had some wartime agreements done

A

they diluted some jobs to make them accessible to women

44
Q

how did the wartime agreements about women end

A

by the restoration of pre-war practices (1919),

45
Q

what did some women’s organisations do in response to the restoration of the pre-war practices act

A

they protested, but many women accepted the need to free up jobs for the returning men

46
Q

what happened to women during the inter-war years

A

middle-class married women rarely worked but many working-class families with two incomes managed a good standard of living and could buy luxury goods

47
Q

how did the employment of women compare in the UK and US

A

Britain had the same proportion of women employed as the USA in 1939 and far more than any other European country.

48
Q

Where did women remain in employment

A

Largely low skilled jobs and were paid on average half as much as men

49
Q

how did the appearance of women change after the first world war

A

they adopted shorter haircuts such as the bob, shingle and Eton crop

50
Q

what clothes were designed to give women a more boyish figure

A

the lighter fabrics used for clothing (often the new artificial ones, such as rayon and nylon)

51
Q

what was the new style of the 1930s

A

a more glamourous and groomed look

52
Q

what social conventions were relaxed

A

dating and women smoking in public was relaxed

53
Q

what things remained a taboo subject

A

sex and birth control

54
Q

what was steadily increasing during the period

A

the number of women having premarital sex

55
Q

what did books and magazines try to do

A

promote sexual enjoyment for both partners

56
Q

who is an example of a remarkable woman who showed that there were no limits to what women could do

A

the pilot Amy Johnson who flew solo to Australia in 1930

57
Q

what did the working classes struggle to do during the period

A

stay in regular employment, especially during the depression

58
Q

what was there a wider variety of

A

fresh food available (consumption rose by 88% for fruit, 64% for vegetables and 46% for eggs) and new branded pre-packaged goods become available (e.g. Kelloggs, Heinz and Bisto)

59
Q

what was the working class strongly drawn to

A

the new cheap foods, including sweets, sugar, white bread, processed and tinned foods and savoury snacks such as crisps

60
Q

what did food start to demand less off

A 
a working-class families budget 
in 1914 it was 60%, in 1938, 35%
61
Q

what was the national average for unemployment

A

1929 - 9.9%
1932 - 22.9%
1936 - 12.5%

62
Q

what was the unemployment for shipbuilding

A

1929 - 23.2%
1932 - 59.5%
1936 - 30.6%

63
Q

what was the unemployment for coal

A

1929 - 18.2%
1932 - 41.2%
1936 - 25%

64
Q

what is the cycle of unemployment

A

stable industries inefficient -> profits fell -> poor level of investment -> industry did not improve

65
Q

where was palmer’s shipyard closed

A

Jarrow

66
Q

what did unemployment reach after palmers shipyard shut

A

70%

67
Q

what was the Jarrow march

A

a group of 200 men decided to march to London (300 miles away) to highlight their plight and demand the building of a new steelworks

68
Q

who supported the Jarrow march

A

the local MP Ellen Wilkinson

69
Q

who gave support to the Jarrow men

A

the unemployment assistance board

70
Q

what was wrong with the assistance given to the Jarrow workers

A

it proved to be inadequate

71
Q

what eventually happened in Jarrow

A

a shipbreaking yard did open in 1938 and steelwork in 1939

72
Q

what did the government fail to do?

A

they did little beyond the 1935 special areas act to stimulate movements from people who were seeking work

73
Q

what industries took hold in the southeast and the midlands

A

chemicals, motor cars and other light industries

74
Q

what happened to populations in the south

A

in London and Coventry, it doubled, in Oxford, it grew by a third and Slough and Luton also saw a notable growth

75
Q

who hired a large amount of its workforce from depressed areas?

A

Morris Motors

76
Q

why did Morris Motors hire from depressed areas?

A

the local supply of labour was exhausted

77
Q

where were there high levels of seasonal employment

A

seasides towns such as Blackpool

78
Q

where did employment tend to be lower during the winter

A

car production

79
Q

what played a key role in interwar literature

A

stark realism and hatred of war

80
Q

which writers were famous for writing anti-war literature

A

Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen

81
Q

what was written in the 1920s and 30s critical of

A

prewar institutions e.g. P.G Wodehouse’s series of books about Bertie Wooster

82
Q

what socialist books were written in the 1930s

A

J.b. Priestly - English Journey of 1934

G Orwell - The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)

83
Q

who were members of the Bloomsbury set

A

JM Keynes, Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf and E.M. Forster

84
Q

what happened to the number of divorces

A

1921-25 - 2848

1936-40 - 7535

85
Q

what happened to the number of births

A

they reduced for both married and unmarried women

86
Q

what played an enormous part in British society

A

newspapers

87
Q

what are the statistics for newspapers

A

in 1939, 69% of the population over 16 years old read a daily national paper

88
Q

what per cent of people read the national Sunday paper

A

82%

89
Q

what was the most notable biggest selling magazines

A

Woman, which sold 3 million copies in 1939

90
Q

what coloured comics launched in the 1930s

A

the Dandy and the Beano

91
Q

what was a fixture of all classes’ homes

A

the radio

92
Q

what happened to the number of people with a radio license

A

1922 - 36,000
1926 - 2,000,000
1939 - 34,000,000

93
Q

how many people listened to the evening programmes

A

up to 10 million

94
Q

what was popularly broadcast

A

test match cricket, Wimbledon and football at Wembley

95
Q

what grew enormously in the 1920s

A

cinema

96
Q

who were the stars of silent films

A

Greta Garbo, Rudolph Valentino, Jon Gilbert and Mary Pickford

97
Q

what was the usual capacity of cinemas

A

10,000

98
Q

what was the benefit of entry fees being cheap at the cinema

A

working classes could go several times a week

British History HLS (38 decks)

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