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British History HLS > ADV INFO - The Beveridge Report > Flashcards

ADV INFO - The Beveridge Report Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was William Beveridge

A

a social policy expert

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2
Q

what was William Beveridge appointed to

A

he was appointed to head of a committee charged with investigating social security in Britain

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3
Q

What did the report identify

A

5 evils that prevented people from bettering themselves

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4
Q

what were the 5 evils caused by

A

want, ignorance, squalor, idleness and disease

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5
Q

What was want caused by

A

poverty

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6
Q

what was ignorance caused by

A

a lack of education

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7
Q

what was squalor caused by

A

poor housing

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8
Q

what was idleness caused by

A

a lack of jobs or the ability to gain employment

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9
Q

what was disease caused by

A

inadequate health care

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10
Q

What did the report say the system would need to be if they were to resolve these issues?

A

comprehensive, universal, contributory, non-means-tested and compulsory

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11
Q

when was there real hope that the reforms could come in

A

the election of the Labour government

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12
Q

What is the main aspect of Attlee’s legacy?

A

the NHS

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13
Q

Which areas did Labour make real improvements

A

want, disease and squalor

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14
Q

which areas did they fail to resolve the issues of

A

ignorance and idleness

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15
Q

What had the national debt risen to be the end of the war

A

£3500 million

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16
Q

what did Labour introduce for older citizens to help with economic hardship

A

they introduced a pension for women at 60 and men at 65

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17
Q

What was the issue with the pensions

A

they were simply not enough to live on and remained well below basic subsistence levels

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18
Q

What reduced the value of the pensions

A

they were greatly reduced by the inflation at the time (2.75% in 1945)

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19
Q

what is the overall evaluation of pensions

A

these did little to solve the issue of poverty, providing little support to those who had retired and relied on their pensions for survival

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20
Q

what was the issue with pensions in reference to the Beveridge Report

A

they did not fulfil the comprehensiveness that was argued for

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21
Q

What did the Labour government pass in 1946 to deal with want

A

The national insurance act

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22
Q

what did the national insurance act do

A

it created the structure of the welfare state

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23
Q

what did the national insurance act extend

A

the 1911 national insurance act

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24
Q

what did the national insurance act introduce

A

it covered all adults with national insurance and putting in operation a comprehensive contributory scheme, pleasing much of the requirements set out by Bevin

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25
Q

What did workers get in return for their weekly contribution

A

an individual was entitled to sickness and unemployment benefit, a previously not supplied privilege

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26
Q

what further solved the issue of want

A

the introduction of pensions and maternity and death grants

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27
Q

Who was the minister of national insurance and what did he say

A

James Griffiths - “it was the best and cheapest insurance policy offered to the British people, of any people anywhere”

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28
Q

What did Labour establish to cope with the poverty caused by unemployment

A

the National Assistance Board

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29
Q

what did the national assistance board do

A

it helped those that were unemployed who were unable to pay enough contributions to qualify for full benefit, allowing those in need to apply for further assistance

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30
Q

What was different about the new means test

A

it was not as intrusive as the draconian methods employed in the 1930s.

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31
Q

There were further improvements made

A

the family allowance act

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32
Q

what did the family allowance act

A

they attacked household poverty and supported the mother of two or more children

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33
Q

what was the Industrial Injuries Act and when was it passed

A

1946 - it introduced compensation paid by the government to those injured during labour.

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34
Q

However, what was the issue with Industrial Injuries Act

A

it was not universal, possibly limiting its success

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35
Q

Who identified the causes of poverty 50 years previous

A

Seebohm Rowntree

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36
Q

what were the causes of poverty

A

old age sickness, injury at work and unemployment

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37
Q

What were Labour able to do

A

remove the fear of falling into poverty, as had been the state of mind of many prior to their reforms

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38
Q

what is the overall conclusion about want

A

Labour successfully tackled it

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39
Q

What did Labour believe was necessary in order to solve the evil disease

A

they saw it necessary to provide universal access, comprehensive and free at the point of use

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40
Q

what was the long term issue with the NHS

A

it became a victim of its own success

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41
Q

how was the NHS a victim of its own success

A

it became an enormous expense for a government with a lack of money

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42
Q

What was the issue of national insurance for healthcare

A

it was contributing a lot less than had previously been expected. It only contributed 9% of NHS funding in 1949

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43
Q

where was the rest of the money for the NHS coming from

A

general taxation

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44
Q

How much did the NHS cost in 1950

A

£358 million

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45
Q

What was Labour forced to backtrack on

A

the principle of a free service by introducing charges for spectacles and dental treatment

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46
Q

what was the issue with the labour backtrack

A

it limited the universality and comprehensiveness of the reforms

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47
Q

what was the issue with the NHS from within the healthcare industry

A

doctors feared “being treated like civil servants”, scared of making less money than they had done from private healthcare

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48
Q

What has the NHS been described as

A

the greatest achievement of the post-war Labour government

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49
Q

What was healthcare like prior to the NHS

A

healthcare had to be paid for, apart from half the male workforce who were entitled to assistance due to various insurance schemes

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50
Q

Who did not qualify for free healthcare prior to the NHS

A

wives and family did not qualify, meaning they had to rely on support from friends, neighbours and local charities

51
Q

what did the NHS provide

A

free access to GPs, specialists, dentists, spectacles, false teeth and maternity and child welfare services

52
Q

how much did prescriptions rise by

A

from 5 million a month before the NHS to 13.5 million in September 1948

53
Q

what happened in the first year of the NHS

A

5 million spectacles were dispensed and 8 million dental patients were treated

54
Q

what happened to life expectancy between 1945 and 1971

A

male life expectancy went from 65 to 70 and female life expectancy went from 70 to 75.

55
Q

what happened to infant mortality at the time

A

it went from 38 deaths per 1000 births in 1945 to 4 deaths per 1000 births in 1990

56
Q

what was the NHS overall

A

“the greatest single achievement in the story of the welfare state”

57
Q

Overall what did Labour do to disease

A

they successfully tackled it

58
Q

What did Beveridge say was required to solve the evil of ignorance

A

an education system was required to provide opportunities and develop talent

59
Q

what was Labour’s solution to the issue of ignorance

A

the tripartate system

60
Q

what was the tripartite system

A

the splitting up of the education system into grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical colleges

61
Q

what was the issue with the education system prior to the Labour government

A

it was incredibly variable, often being of a low standard

62
Q

how much education did most children get

A

many received no education past primary education, as many could not afford the fees that were charged by many secondary schools

63
Q

What was passed in 1944 in reference to education

A

the Butler Education Act

64
Q

what did the Butler Education Act 1944 do

A 
focused on equality of opportunity 
it allowed working-class children who had the ability to perform with education 
it raised the leaving age to 15
65
Q

what decided what school people would attend

A

the 11+

66
Q

What was the issue with the 11+

A

having people’s whole education, and thus their future, based on one test was an inefficient and unfair system

67
Q

What was the issue with the tripartite

A

it was unequal and selective

68
Q

who were the majority of people who got into grammar schools

A

of a middle-class background

69
Q

what did the school system turn into

A

a class-based system

70
Q

What were secondary moderns mainly filled with

A

people from a working-class background

71
Q

What happened to the secondary moderns

A

those in them became disassociated from education due to them “failing the test”.

72
Q

How did the educational system go against the Beveridge report

A

it was a system in which the middle class would benefit more than those who were not as well off, providing better education for those who could afford to perform well was certainly not comprehensive and universal

73
Q

What did the education system do little to break

A

the cycle of poverty

74
Q

What was teaching like in the system

A

it was much better in grammar schools than in the secondary moderns

75
Q

What were the regional differences in education

A

in some areas, it was a 50/50 split between secondary modern and grammar but in other areas, it was just more of an imbalance

76
Q

What were the reasons for the educational failures

A

lack of understanding

77
Q

What was the educational background of the Labour party

A

leaders like Attlee, Dalton and Cripps were from a public school background

78
Q

what did the educational background of the labour party do to their educational policies

A

there was a lack of empathy for those in the working class

79
Q

What is the overall conclusion of the Labour attempts to reform education

A

they failed to solve the evil of ignorance

80
Q

what was a key contributor to the housing shortage

A

the destruction of 700,000 houses by Hitler’s bombs, resulting in 1/3rd of British houses needing repair and renovation by the end of the war.

81
Q

what did Labour outline in their manifesto

A

they would “proceed with a housing programme with the maximum practical speed until every family in this island has a good standard of accommodation”

82
Q

what was Labour’s housing aim

A

200,000 new houses each year

83
Q

who was given the task of sorting the issue

A

Aneurin Bevan, the minister of health

84
Q

what was scarce

A

resources and materials

85
Q

What was the proportion of houses between 1945 and 1951

A

there were 4 council houses built for every private house

86
Q

Who did Labour provide a lot of accommodation to

A

to those who were in most dire need, tackling the evil of squalor at the centre of all its issues

87
Q

what did labour build with the limited resources they had

A

pre-fabricated homes (PREFABS)

88
Q

how many houses were completed in 1946, 1947 and 1948

A

55,600, 139,600 and 227,600

89
Q

what was passed in 1948 to try and solve the issue of squalor

A

the New Towns Act

90
Q

what did the New Towns Act 1948 do

A

gave the government the power to decide where new towns should be built

91
Q

By the end of the Labour government in 1951 how many new towns had been established

A

14, including Glenrothes and East Kilbride

92
Q

why were the industrial plans unsuccessful

A

the economic condition simply did not support it

93
Q

Where were materials like timber imported from?

A

Sweden and America at high prices

94
Q

what do Labour’s achievements pale in comparison to

A

their conservative successors, with the new housing minister (Harold Macmillan) completing some 300,000 houses a year in the 1950s.

95
Q

What was the issue with the houses built by Macmillan

A

they were not of a high standard

96
Q

What happened to the housing shortage

A

it remained chronic despite the efforts of the Labour party

97
Q

What shows the true extent of how bad the housing shortage was

A

the squatting crisis of 1950, in which families would find any building that was empty and use it as accommodation.

98
Q

Overall did labour solve the issue of squalor

A

no

99
Q

What were Labour desperate to avoid

A

the unemployment events of the 1920s and 1930s

100
Q

Who shared Labour’s view on unemployment

A

the Conservatives, who issued a white paper in 1944 accepting the need for full employment

101
Q

when did unemployment reach the one million mark

A

during the fuel crisis of 1947

102
Q

what did the broadening of the educational system mean

A

fewer people were in the position for employment

103
Q

what did the rise in the school leaving age do to employment

A

unemployment figures dropped automatically

104
Q

What two things coupled together made unemployment lower

A

a mixture of an increase in world demand, due to countries needing to restock to amend the damage of the war, matched with the devaluation of the pound, which saw British exports becoming much cheaper

105
Q

What happened to the British car due to the devaluation of the pound

A

the British car became 30% cheaper compared to the figures throughout the war

106
Q

What did increased demand due to employment

A

it led to greater employment through no reform of the Labour government

107
Q

What did Beveridge say about unemployment

A

it could not get below 3%

108
Q

how did the Labour government defy Beveridge

A

unemployment reached 2.5% by 1946

109
Q

What did unemployment drop to

A

1,514,000 at the start of the war to 253,000 by the time Labour’s government ended in 1951

110
Q

how did the 1st post-war chancellor, Dalton describe their approach to unemployment

A

“the greatest revolution brought about by the Labour Government”

111
Q

How was Labour able to control and manage the economy and thus assist unemployment

A

nationalisation

112
Q

What were Labour able to do through nationalisation

A

keep interest rates down, control inflation and encourage private investment

113
Q

What was carried out without affecting the economy

A

the demobilisation of troops

114
Q

What happened to unemployment in the northeast

A

they fell from 38% in 1938 to 1.5% in 1951

115
Q

What did the historian Brooke say

A

“the single most important domestic achievement of the Labour Government was the maintenance of full employment after the war”

116
Q

overall, were the labour government successful in solving the evil of idleness

A

yes

117
Q

what was the issue for many children in the secondary modern schools?

A

Children attending secondary modern schools were unable to take public exams such as the school certificate.

118
Q

how was bevin isolated from the labour party?

A

he had to place fees and charges for glasses and dentistry due to the high amount of demand

119
Q

what series of compromises did Bevin agree to in order to gain the support of doctors

A
  • consultants were allowed to continue working privately and were allocated beds in hospitals for private patients
  • GPs were able to avoid being paid the local authority’s salary
  • regional health boards were appointed and were dominated by consultants.
120
Q

who ran the NHS from the outset

A

privileged groups

121
Q

how did Bevin describe the concessions he made to the doctors

A

they had stuffed their mouths with gold

122
Q

what were the three tiers of service provided by the NHS

A
  • hospital services, A&E and inpatient treatment from serious illnesses
  • primary care - GPs, dentists, opticians and pharmacists all operated as independent contractors
  • community services - health visitors, vaccination services, health education
123
Q

what did Bevan say about the NHS in 1952

A

when we consider the great discoveries in medicine that have revolutionised surgery and the treatment of disease, the same pattern appears. They were made by dedicated men and women whose work was inspired by values that have nothing to with the rapacious bustle of the stock exchange

British History HLS (38 decks)

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