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British History HLS > ADV INFO Social Change 1886-1914 > Flashcards

ADV INFO Social Change 1886-1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

what was trade union membership in 1888

A

they had about 750,000 members

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2
Q

how much of the population was represented by a trade union

A

about 10% of all adult male workers in the economy

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3
Q

what did traditional unions and new model unions focus on

A

defending the interests of their members (often defending them against the encroachment into their trade from unskilled workers)

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4
Q

how were the new unions different

A

they were more political and influenced by socialist ideas. New unionism emerged in part because of improving trade conditions and was more prominent in industries that were starting to grow rapidly

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5
Q

what was the unions’ growth also due to

A

terrible social conditions in which the new union members lived.

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6
Q

what had the social conditions led to

A

they had started to diminish people’s belief in a system based on laissez-faire economics being able to produce a society for all

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7
Q

what had the poor social condition politically changed

A

they had led to an increase in socialism and the call for greater government intervention

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8
Q

what did the new unions want

A

fundamental changes to wealth and income distribution in favour of the low-paid workers

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9
Q

when was the matchgirls’ strike

A

1888

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10
Q

who was the leader of the matchgirls’ strike

A

Annie Besant

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11
Q

who was Annie Besant

A

a member of the socialist party (SDF) and the fabian society

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12
Q

why were new unions known as general unions

A

they admitted anyone within the industry, regardless of their job, and charged very low subscriptions

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13
Q

what happened in the summer of 1888 for trade unions

A

a strike at Bryant and May match factory, women earning on average five shillings (25p) for a 70-hour week.

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14
Q

what was the result of the Bryant and May match factory strike

A

it was successful and a matchgirls’ union was formed the following year with 800 members

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15
Q

what happened in March 1889

A

gas workers’ and general labourers’ union was created and had 20,000 members by the end of the year

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16
Q

what happened on the 14th of August 1889

A

the Great London dock trike

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17
Q

how long did the Great London dock strike last

A

five weeks

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18
Q

what were the statistics of the Great London dock strike

A

100,000 workers were on strike

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19
Q

what did the strikers of the dock strike demand

A

6d. per hour

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20
Q

who did the dockers gain the support of

A

within Britain and abroad (£30,000 raised by dockers in Australia)

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21
Q

what was the result of the docker’s strike

A

in the same year, a seamen’s union and General Railwayworkers’ Union were also formed

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22
Q

what happened in the 1890s for the unions

A

employers fought back

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23
Q

what was created in the 1890s

A

the shipping federation was created to break the hold of the Dockers Union

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24
Q

what happened in 1893

A

the national free labour association provided blackleg labour to the federation and other employers

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25
Q

what happened to the membership of the dockers’ union

A

it fell from 56,000 in 1890 to 23,000 by 1892

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26
Q

what did the late 1880s and early 1890s see

A

a burst of activity from the new unions and rapid growth in the years 1888-91

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27
Q

how could it be seen that the new unions had a significant impact

A

the matchgirls and London dockers succeded in improving their pay and conditions

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28
Q

what did the mass increase in new union membership show

A

growing political consciousness among the working classes and a greater sense of working-class solidarity

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29
Q

what weakened the position of the workers and led to a retreat of the trade unions

A

the continuing depression of the 1890s

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30
Q

what did the continuing economic hardships do

A

meant that employers were blae to find workers willing to break strikes

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31
Q

what happened to the unions in the 1880s

A

their membership and popularity started to fall

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32
Q

what judgement happened in 1901

A

THE TAFF VALE JUDGEMENT

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33
Q

What caused the taff vale judgement

A

the amalgamated society of railway servants (ASRS) had asked for a wage increase for its members, as the Taff Vale Railway Company was making higher profits from the increased demand created by the Boer War

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34
Q

what did the Taff Vale company do

A

they refused to accept the unions’ right to negotiate and brought in ‘blackleg’ labour from the national free labour association

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35
Q

what was the National Free Labour Association

A

set up in 1893 to offer non-union workers to employers to break strikes

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36
Q

what was the result of the Taff Vale companies’ refusal

A

an injunction was put in place to stop the union picketing and they also sued the union for damages to compensate for lost revenue during the strike

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37
Q

what happened to the disagreement between the Taff Vale Companies

A

the case went to the House of Lords and the union suffered a complete defeat and was ordered to pay £23,000 in compensation and costs

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38
Q

what was the result of the taff vale judgement

A

it sent shockwaves across the union movement, as it brought into focus the risk of being bankrupted through strike action and seemed to remove the movement’s most important weapons of collective bargaining, striking and picketing

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39
Q

what bill passed in 1906

A

the trade disputes act

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40
Q

who brought in the trade disputes act

A

the liberal government (based on a labour party bill)

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41
Q

what did the trade disputes act do

A

it overruled the Taff Vale decision, strengthening the union movement and leading to an increasing number supporting the Labour party, which now had a growing number of MPs

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42
Q

who was Walter Osborne

A

a member of ASRS

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43
Q

what did Walter Osborne do

A

objected to paying the political levy that went to the Labour Party.

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44
Q

what happened to the Osborne case

A

it went to the House of Lords

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45
Q

what did the House of Lords rule on the Osborne Case

A

they ruled in Osborne’s favour.

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46
Q

what happened as a result of the Osborne Judgement

A

this hit the Labour Party hard, but elicited a great deal of sympathy for the Labour party among the trade unionists

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47
Q

what overturned the Osborne Judgement

A

it was overturned by the Trade Union Act in 1913 and the majority of trade unionists voted in support of the political levy

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48
Q

what did the trade union movement remain divided between

A

moderates (lib-labbers) and radicals (socialists)

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49
Q

what did the period of 1908 to 1914 see

A

a wave of strikes and industrial unrest, with numerous large-scale strikes and associated outbreaks of violence between 1910 and 1914

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50
Q

what is an example of the strike violence

A

the killing of a miner in Tonypandy in 1910 and troops shooting dead two strikers who attacked a train in Llanelli in 1911

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51
Q

when were there a number of national strikes and what strikes were there

A

the first-ever national railway strike in 1911 and the first-ever national transport strike in 1912.

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52
Q

what happened in 1914

A

three of the biggest unions formed an agreement to take sympathetic action if ever one of them went on strike

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53
Q

what idea was gaining ground in 1910-14

A

syndicalism

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54
Q

what is syndicalism

A

a form of revolutionary socialism that aims to overthrow the capitalist system and replace it with a socialist system based on the trade union movement,

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55
Q

what happened to the total trade union membership

A

1908 - 2.48 million

1914 - 4.14 million

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56
Q

what happened to the number of stoppages (hundreds

A

1908 - 3.89

1913 - 14.59

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57
Q

what happened to the number of working days lost

A

1908 - 10.79 million
1912 - 40.89 million
1914 - 9.88 million

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58
Q

who wrote revolutionary unionism

A

E.J.B Allen

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59
Q

who was E.J.B Allen

A

a former member of the SDF

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60
Q

when did Allen write revolutionary unionism

A

1909

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61
Q

what did Revolutionary Unionism do

A

influenced the trade unionist Tom Mann (one of the leaders of the London Dock Strike of 1889, after which he had gone to Australia. He returned to England in 1910)

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62
Q

what did Tom Mann do

A

he became the champion of British syndicalists and aimed to work within existing union structures to unite the workers and bring about a general strike.

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63
Q

what did Tom Mann and Guy Bowman launch

A

a newspaper called the industrial syndicalist, as well as the industrial syndicalist education league

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64
Q

what events highlight the impact and influence of Syndicalism

A
  • the aggressive tactics of the ASRS and South Wales Miners’ Federation in 1911 and 1912
  • the triple alliance
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65
Q

what was the triple alliance

A

the miners’ federation, the national union of railwaymen and the national transport workers’ federation,

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66
Q

what was the consequence of the ‘open letter to British soldiers’

A

they were sentenced to up to nine months in prison for the incitement to mutiny; following support from the trade union movement they were released early

67
Q

how could it be argued about the true impact of syndicalism

A

it was only really involved in a minority of the key strikes of this period. It is also dismissed because the majority of union leaders were moderate and only in the strikes in South Wales and Liverpool was there strong evidence of syndicalist involvement.

68
Q

which two groups were pushing for female emancipation

A 
the suffragist movement (the national society for women's suffrage)
the suffragettes (Women's social and political union, WSPU)
69
Q

what were the suffragettes like

A

they were formed in 1903 and took a militant approach

70
Q

what were the suffragists like

A

they dated back to the 1860s and pushed for reform, working within the law and society’s conventions

71
Q

who was the common enemy of both female suffrage groups

A

the anti-suffrage league

72
Q

what proved to be a failure for emancipation

A

the 1884 reform bill.

73
Q

why did the 1884 reform bill fail

A

it became clear that the PM, Gladstone, did not support the amendment; in 1892 he overtly stated that he did to and would not support the female franchise on ideological grounds

74
Q

what did the suffragists fail to do

A

convert the Liberals at the time of the Reform Bill and in the following years the tactic of getting MPs to pass ap private member’s bill also failed

75
Q

what was the view of some Liberal MPs

A

they did support female suffrage and the majority of Liberals had voted for female suffrage on various occasions between 1867 and 1886

76
Q

what did the Liberals grant to women

A

they gave single women the vote in local government elections and allowed women to join schools boards - key steps for women into the public domain and toward the franchise

77
Q

when did the Conservatives seem to warm to the idea of female enfranchisement

A

after the Reform Act of 1884 (this was possibly motivated by the fact that they hoped middle-class women would vote for them)

78
Q

what did the highly important Conservative organisation, the Primrose League, do

A

they catered for women who were attracted by the opportunity to brush shoulders with the upper classes

79
Q

what was the view of the primrose league

A

they did not support female suffrage but did not prevent its members from doing so

80
Q

what did the Liberal suffragists do

A

split over home rule

81
Q

What did the suffragist movement split over in the 1880s

A

over whether to stick to a non-party approach.

82
Q

when was the NSWS (suffragists) restructured

A

in 1888

83
Q

what did the NSWS do

A

it allowed groups affiliated with political parties to join

84
Q

who feared that the non-political organisations would be swamped by the much more numerous political organisation

A

Millicent Fawcett and Lydia Becker

85
Q

why were almost all the political groups joining the NSWS being Liberal

A

because the groups linked to the Conservative Primrose League weren’t allowed to affiliate with other organisations

86
Q

What did Fawcett and Becker create

A

a breakaway group that did not follow the new rules.

87
Q

when was the WSPU (suffragettes set up )

A

in October 1903

88
Q

who set up the WSPU

A

Emmeline Pankhurst

89
Q

what caused the creation of the WSPU

A

a socialist meeting hall was built in Pankhurt’s husband’s memory, and when the ILP branch that used the hall refused to allow women, Emmeline decided that something different was needed

90
Q

Why did the WSPU stand out from other groups

A

it was willing to use confrontation and violence

91
Q

what was Black Friday

A

in 1910, Ada Wright was assaulted by the police

92
Q

why did women feel empowered

A

by the precedent of militant action leading to the extension of the franchise in 1832 and 1867

93
Q

what tactics did the suffragettes use

A

window breaking and arson (including Lloyd George’s country house)

94
Q

what did the suffragette’s tactic seem to prove

A

more shock value than a way of attracting support

95
Q

what created sympathy for the suffragettes

A

the hunger strikes and the forced feeding, which created such outrage that it was dropped as a policy by the government, providing a propaganda coup

96
Q

what happened in June 1913

A

when Emily Davison attempted to pin a suffragette rosette on the King’s horse and grabbed its reins. The horse fell and Davison received fatal head injuries. The cause now had a martyr and her funeral was attended by huge crowds

97
Q

when was the cat and mouse act

A

1913

98
Q

what did the cat and mouse act do

A

the release of prisoners who were too ill from hunger striking just to re-arrest them.

99
Q

what was the first phase of the WSPU’s action

A

May 1906 - June 1908 - confronting parliament and ministers, campaigning at by-elections

100
Q

what was the second phase of the WSPU’s action

A

June 1908 - Jan 1910 - window breaking, technical offences, hunger strikes

101
Q

what was the third phase of the WSPU’s action

A

Nov 1911 - Aug 1914 - Window breaking on a larger scale, mass hunger strikes, arson attacks, attacks on property

102
Q

what did the anti-suffrage league have

A

both men’s and women’s sections - by April 1912 it had over 10,000 members and 235 branches

103
Q

what did the anti-suffrage league do

A

it lobbied MPs, used constitutional methods and remained clear of party affiliation. It received support from the times and other national and regional papers.

104
Q

what did the anti-suffrage league argue

A
  • that many women did not really want the vote
  • ‘biological’ arguments about women being less rational and more emotional and so unfit to vote, as well as being weaker and therefore incapable of fighting to defend the country like men
  • that women should remain in the domestic sphere and men in the public sphere
105
Q

which was the only party in 1914 to support female suffrage

A

the Labour party

106
Q

what did the militant tactics of the WSPU do

A

it created anger among some

107
Q

what did the action of the authorities do

A

actions like the ‘cat and mouse act’ evoked sympathy for the movement

108
Q

what continued in the period 1886-1914

A

rapid urbanisation

109
Q

what was the ratio of urban to the rural population

A

3:1 (it had been 1:1 in the 1850s)

110
Q

what continued to fall despite the end of the depression

A

employment opportunities in agriculture

111
Q

where was work increasingly available

A

urban wages were higher than rural ones

112
Q

what did towns and cities offer

A

higher wages than rural areas

113
Q

what was passed in 1875

A

the public health act

114
Q

what was the public health act an example of

A

attitudes towards public health had taken a leap forward

115
Q

what happened to the population of the UK

A

1881 - 34,940,000

1921 - 47,170,000

116
Q

what happened to the population of manchester during the period

A

1881 - 502,000

1921 - 730,000

117
Q

what had towns become more efficient at doing by 1900

A

suppling water services and municipal gas

118
Q

what were there chronic shortages in

A

accommodation, in particular near the factories

119
Q

what had a lack of planning and transport led to

A

the working classes living in the smoke around the factories in overcrowded conditions

120
Q

when were the housing of the working classes acts

A

1890 and 1900

121
Q

what did the housing of the working classes act do

A

compelled local authorities to demolish unhealthy housing (owners of slum housing could be compelled to sell it to the council) and provide other accommodation for those made homeless

122
Q

what did the 1890 housing of the working classes act do

A

it made loans to build new houses easier to obtain, but both acts failed to deal with strategic planning of the expanding towns

123
Q

what was published in 1898

A

To-morrow: a peaceful path to real reform

124
Q

who wrote To-morrow in 1898

A

Ebenezer Howard

125
Q

what did Ebenezer Howard say in 1898

A

he campaigned for overall town planning and his book offered a vision of towns with no slums and fresh air, but still all the opportunities of other towns

126
Q

what was founded in 1903 following the ideas of Ebenezer Howard

A

Letchworth Garden City

127
Q

what was Howard’s main idea

A

the three magnets diagram kept industry and residential areas separate.

128
Q

what was passed in 1909

A

the housing and town planning act

129
Q

who passed the housing and town planning act

A

the liberal government

130
Q

what did the housing and town planning act 1909 do

A

it allowed local authorities to carry out town planning schemes to avoid the piecemeal building,

131
Q

what was the issue with the housing and town planning act

A

it was not compulsory so only one major scheme started before 1914

132
Q

where was there clear growth in the industry

A

the service industry

133
Q

which businesses became a staple of British retail

A

Lipton, Boots and Sainsbury’s

134
Q

who did Lipton and Sainsbury tailor their products to

A

the middle classes

135
Q

what happened to food prices

A

they dropped in the last part of the 19th century meaning that the working class gained access to this greater range of quality food products

136
Q

what new shops emerged during the period

A

penny bazaars

137
Q

what were penny bazaars

A

shops that had a penny price limit on their goods

138
Q

what is a famous penny bazaar

A

marks and spencer

139
Q

what is an example of the new focus on consumers

A

Lever Brothers appealed to customers through advertising campaigns

140
Q

what was a vital cornerstone to the British economy

A

financial services

141
Q

what dominated banking

A

the city of London

142
Q

what did the London stock exchange provide

A

the opportunity for businessmen to float their companies and raise income through selling shares

143
Q

what flourished during the period

A

Blackpool and other seaside resorts as people went on days out (the introduction of bank holidays in 1871 was significant here) and took short breaks.

144
Q

how many people visited Blackpool in 1913

A

4 million

145
Q

when were bank holidays introduced

A

1871

146
Q

what did the working-class love during the period

A

watching football

147
Q

what was founded in 1888

A

the football league

148
Q

how many people attended the FA cup final in 1901

A

100,000 people

149
Q

what other leisure activities were there for the working masses

A

watching and betting on horse and dog racing

150
Q

what are the examples of inequality and poverty in this period

A

the rise of the labour party and growth of trade unions, the new political ideology of new liberalism and the debate over national efficiency

151
Q

what are the examples of improving living standards

A

Falling prices led to improvements in real wages and standards of living. The growth of retail and leisure industries, in particular those aimed at the working classes, would also suggest that standards of living were increasing. Reforms in public health and social reforms will have also helped the standards of living for many.

152
Q

what were the two key surveys during the period on the amount of poverty

A

Charles Booth in London and Seebohm Rowntree in York

153
Q

what was Charles booth’s survey called

A

Life and Labour in London

154
Q

when was life and labour in London released

A

1889

155
Q

what did Booth find

A
  • 30% of London’s population lived below the poverty line.
  • 8.5% lived in primary poverty, unable to afford basics of food, clothes and housing
  • 22% lived in secondary poverty, makings ends meet but at a minimal level
156
Q

when was Rowntree’s survey of york

A

1899

157
Q

what did the survey of York find?

A
  • 28% of the population were living in poverty

- poverty was caused by low wages, lack of regular work, ill health, old ages and large families

158
Q

what did the two reports do

A

significantly undermined traditional attitudes towards poverty, as they demonstrated that ‘thrift’ and other victorian remedies for poverty were not possible for almost a third of Britain’s population

159
Q

what happened to prices during the period

A

starting with an index of 100 in 1880-84
76 in 1895-99
102 in 1910-13

160
Q

what was agriculture during this period

A

the hardest hit and lowest paying of all industries

161
Q

what happened to agriculture

A

even it saw a growth in incomes year on year, which suggests that standards of living were increasing

162
Q

what is the overall assessment of wealth in Britain?

A

it was more prosperous than ever, but wealth was very unevenly spread

163
Q

what per cent of Britain remained poor

A

30%

British History HLS (38 decks)

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