Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BLOOD BANK (TopnotcherQT) > ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM (001) > Flashcards

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM (001) Flashcards

memorization

1
Q

He discovered the ABO blood group in 1901

A

Karl Landsteiner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ABO gene is expressed in chromosome ___:

A

Chromosome 9

note: encodes for an enzyme that adds sugar to a precursor substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

H gene is expressed in chromosome ____:

A

Chromosome 19

note: Formation of H antigen = “biosynthetic precursor” for formation of A & B antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Secretor gene is expressed in chromosome ____:

A

Chromosome 19

note: expression of ABH Ag on body secretions/fluids

Body fluids where ABH antigens can be detected:
- Salive
- Tears
- Urine
- Digestive juice
- Bile
- Milk
- Amniotic fluid
- Pleural
- Peritoneal
- Pericardial fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secretor gene that represents the homozygous dominant genotype:

A

SeSe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secretor gene that represents the heterozygous dominant genotype:

A

Sese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-secretor gene:

A

sese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Immunodominant sugar of H gene:

A

L-fucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycosyltransferase of H gene/H antigen

A

a-2-L-fucosyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Glycosyltransferase of A gene/A antigen

A

a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glycosyltransferase of B gene/B antigen

A

a-3-D-galactosyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Immunodominant sugar of A antigen:

A

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Immunodominant sugar of B antigen:

A

D-galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

H antigen has an incidence rate of:

A

> 99.99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Formation of antigens occurs in the ____ day of fetal life

A

37th day of fetal life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antibodies synthesization:
Start:
Peak:

A

Antibodies synthesization:
Start: 3-6 months old
Peak: 5-10 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Laboratory detection procedure of antigen:

A

Forward/Cell typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reagents used for forward/cell typing:

A

Anti-A (trypan blue dye)
Anti-B (acriflavine dye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Laboratory detection procedure of antibodies:

A

Reverse/Serum Typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reagents used for Reverse/Serum typing:

A

Red cell suspensions of:
- A1 cells (known A)
- B cells (known B)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ABO reactions

Type A (AA, AO)

FORWARD
Anti-A =
Anti-B =

REVERSE
A1 cells =
B cells =

A

ABO reactions

Type A (AA, AO)

FORWARD
Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 0

REVERSE
A1 cells = 0
B cells = 4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ABO reactions

Type B (BB, BO)

FORWARD
Anti-A =
Anti-B =

REVERSE
A1 cells =
B cells =

A

ABO reactions

Type B (BB, BO)

FORWARD
Anti-A = 0
Anti-B = 4+

REVERSE
A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ABO reactions

Type AB (AB)

FORWARD
Anti-A =
Anti-B =

REVERSE
A1 cells =
B cells =

A

ABO reactions

Type AB (AB)

FORWARD
Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 4+

REVERSE
A1 cells = 0
B cells = 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ABO reactions

Type O (OO)

FORWARD
Anti-A =
Anti-B =

REVERSE
A1 cells =
B cells =

A

ABO reactions

Type O (OO)

FORWARD
Anti-A = 0
Anti-B = 0

REVERSE
A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A homozygous gene considered to be amorph or silent, does not code for production of antigen:

A

Homozygous O gene (type O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the test principle for determining secretor property?

A

Hemagglutination inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Specimen of choice for determination of secretory property:

A

Saliva (source of ABH-soluble antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Results/interpretation of determination of secretory property:

A

Agglutination = individual is non-secretor (negative)
No agglutination = individual is secretor (positive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Determines the possible blood type of an offspring with the use of a Punnett square:

A

`ABO mating

30
Q

Weak A subgroups:

31
Q

Most prevalent A subgroup

32
Q

Antigen present in A1 subgroup

33
Q

A1 subgroup reaction with Anti-A1 Lectin

A

4+ agglutination

34
Q

Unexpected Antibody present in A2 subgroup:

A

Anti-A1 (1-8%)

35
Q

A2 subgroup reaction with Anti-A1 Lectin

A

0 (no agglutination)

36
Q

Seed extracts that can agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity:

37
Q

Anti-A1 Lectin source:

A

Dolichos biflorus

38
Q

Anti-H Lection source:

A

Ulex europeus

39
Q

Anti-M Lectin source:

A

iberis amara/ Macluara aurantiaca

40
Q

Anti-N Lectin source:

A

Vicia graminea

41
Q

Absence of H gene causes non-expression of ABH antigens

A

Bombay Phenotype

42
Q

Bombay Phenotype characteristics in
RBCs =
Serum =

A

Bombay Phenotype:
RBCs = absence of ABH antigens
Serum = presence of Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB and Anti-H

Anti-A, B, and AB - same Abs found in type O individuals,
Anti-H - unique in Bombay phenotype

43
Q

What type of immunoglobulin antibody is Anti-H?

A

IgM antibody

agglutinates at 4-22C (room temperature)
hemolysis due to C’ fixation at 37C

44
Q

Bombay phenotype symbols include:

A

hh, Oh, Hnull

45
Q

Inherited genes and their corresponding antigens

HH AO Se Se

RBC Ag present:
Secretion antigen present:

A

HH AO Se Se

RBC Ag present: H, A
Secretion antigen present: H, A

46
Q

Inherited genes and their corresponding antigens

Hh BO sese

RBC Ag present:
Secretor Ag present:

A

Inherited genes and their corresponding antigens

Hh BO sese

RBC Ag present: H, B
Secretor Ag present: none

47
Q

Inherited genes and their corresponding antigens

hh AB sese

RBC Ag present:
Secretor Ag present:

A

Inherited genes and their corresponding antigens

hh AB sese

RBC Ag present: none
Secretor Ag present: none

Note:
- No RBC Ag is present because there is no precursor substance (H antigen)
- This is an example of the Classical Bombay Phenotype

48
Q

Anti-H Lectin reaction with Oh/Bombay phenotype:

A

0 (no reaction)

49
Q

Bombay phenotype reaction to O cells:

A

4+ - because of the presence of Anti-H in Bombay serum

50
Q

Occur when unexpected reactions occur in the forward and reverse grouping; all technical factors should be reviewed and corrected to resolve the discrepancy:

A

ABO Typing Discrepancies

51
Q

Group I Discrepancy:

A

Missing or Weakly reacting Antibody

52
Q

Group II Discrepancy:

A

Missing or weakly reacting Antigen

53
Q

Group III Discrepancy:

A

Plasma protein abnormalities

54
Q

Group IV Discrepancy:

A

Miscellaneous problems

55
Q

Problem in Group I discrepancy:

A

Problem in Reverse Typing

56
Q

Examples of Group I Discrepancy:

A
  1. Newborns, elderly patients
  2. Agammaglobulinemia
  3. Hypogammaglobulinemia
  4. Dilution of ABO antibodies
57
Q

problem in Group II Discrepancy:

A

Problem in Forward typing

58
Q

Examples of Group II Discrepancy:

A
  1. Leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease
  2. A/B Subgroups
  3. Acquired B phenomenon
  4. Excessive amount of BGSS
59
Q

Problem in Group III Discrepancy:

A

Rouleaux formation; common in REVERSE typing

60
Q

Examples of Group III Discrepancy:

A
  1. Multiple Myeloma
  2. Waldenstrom’s
  3. Elevated fibrinogen levels
  4. Wharton’s Jelly
61
Q

Problem in Group IV Discrepancy:

A

Problem in either FORWARD or REVERSE or BOTH

62
Q

Examples of Group IV Discrepancy:

A
  1. Cold-reactive autoantibodies
  2. Unexpected antibodies
  3. Cis-AB
63
Q

Describe what group discrepancy:

Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 0

A1 cells = 0
B cells = 0

O cells = 0
AC = 0

A

Group I Discrepancy - missing/weakly reacting antibody

64
Q

Describe what group discrepancy:

Anti-A = 0
Anti-B = +/-

A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 0

O cells = 0
AC = 0

A

Group II Discrepancy - missing/weakly reacting antigen

65
Q

Describe what group discrepancy:

Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 2+

A1 cells = 0
B cells = 4+

O cells = 0
AC = 0

A

Group II Discrepancy - Acquired B phenomenon

Cause: Bacterial modification of sugar on A antigen that is associated in GI infection/obstruction;
the N-acetyl part in N-acetyl-galactosamine is removed by bacteria. The remaining galactosamine becomes the modified sugar and acts as “Pseudo-B” antigen and causes the reaction to anti-B

66
Q

Describe what group discrepancy:

Anti-A = 4+
Anti-B = 4+

A1 cells = 2+
B cells = 2+

O cells = 2+
AC = 2+

A

Group III Discrepancy - Rouleaux formation

Note: rouleaux formation causes pseudo agglutination; this can also be the caused by Wharton’s Jelly

67
Q

Describe what group discrepancy:

Anti-A = 2+
Anti-B = 4+

A1 cells = 4+
B cells = 2+

O cells = 2+
AC = 2+

A

Group IV Discrepancy - cold reactive autoantibodies

note: IgM abs that causes clumping of RBCs @ 4-22C (room tenp) associated with Mycoplasma pneumonia = cold agglutinins

68
Q

Resolution/remedy for Group I discrepancy (missing/weakly reactive Ab)

A

Extend the incubation time of reverse typing mixture for 15-30 minutes at room temperature

69
Q

Resolution/remedy for Group II discrepancy (missing/weakly reactive Ag)

A

Extend the incubation time of forward typing mixture for 15-30 minutes at room temperature

70
Q

Resolution/remedy of Group II discrepancy (Acquired B phenomenon)

A
  1. Acidify AntiB reagent
  2. Secretor studies
  3. Addition of acetic anhydride to patient red cells (re-acetylates the sugar of A antigen)
71
Q

Resolution/remedy for Group III discrepancy (Rouleaux formation)

A

Saline dilution/washing of RBCs
Wash cord cells with NSS for 6-8x to remove Wharton’s Jelly (cause of discrepancy)

72
Q

Resolution/remedy for group Iv discrepancy (cold-reactive autoantibodies)

A
  1. Prewarming of test components at 37C
  2. Add sulfhydryl reagents (DTT, 2-ME) —> destroys IgM
  3. Adsorb cold-reactive antibodies using RESt (Rabbit erythrocyte stroma)

BLOOD BANK (TopnotcherQT) (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions