A&P 2.8. spinal versus cranial nerves

Question 0

Stimulus

Answer 0

Pain from myofascia

Question 1

Pathophysiological reflex

Answer 1

PAIN SPASM PAIN CYCLE

Question 2

Sensory receptor

Answer 2

Nocicepter

Free nerve ending sensitive to damage or potential damage

Question 3

Sensory neuron

Answer 3

Conducts a nerve impulse from nocicepters to the CNS

Question 4

Integrating center

Answer 4

Sensory neurons synapse with an INTERNEURON that synapses with a ….

Question 5

Motor neuron

Answer 5

To the MUSCLE WITH THE RECEPTOR, while the antagonist is inhibited

Question 6

Effector

Answer 6

Muscle in pain

Question 7

Response

Answer 7

Muscle in pain contracts

Question 8

Renewed stimulus

Answer 8

Repeated firing of the motor neuron and repeated contraction of the muscle use a lot of energy - more than normal- creating an energy crisis.

The muscle and the motor neuron secrete chemicals in response to the energy crisis that stimulate nocicepters

Go back to step 2 and REPEAT IN A VISCOUS CYCLE

Question 9

Facilitation

Answer 9

Any neuronal pathway that is used repeatedly develops a lower threshold, and will fire more easily in the future

“Wearing a groove”

Question 10

Spreading

Answer 10

Large amounts of nociceptive input to the spinal cord cause additional interneurons to fire, spreading the chronic contractions to other muscles

First in motor neurons in the same segment, then on the other side, then up and down the cord and eventually stimulating the reticular formation, increasing global muscle tone and spreading myofascial pain throughout larger body regions.

Question 11

Spinal nerves

Answer 11

31 pairs of spinal nerves that are numbered not named according to t he level of the vertebral column at which they emerge from the spinal cavity.

Spinal nerves ARE ALWAYS MIXED (they have both sensory and motor axions)

Question 12

Cervical nerve pairs

Answer 12

8 pairs
C1-C7 emerge superior to their respective vertebrae

C8 emerges between T1-C7 vertebrae

Question 13

Thoracic nerve pairs

Answer 13

12 pairs

All emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae

Question 14

Lumbar nerve pairs

Answer 14

5 pairs

L1-5. All emerge inferior to their respective vertebrae

Question 15

Sacral nerve pairs

Answer 15

5 Pairs

S1-5 all emerge from foramina in the sacrum

A branch of each sacral nerve travels anterior lay into th e pelvis, while another branch travels posteriorly to the myofascia and skin over the sacrum

Question 16

Coccygeal nerve pair

Answer 16

1 pair

Emerges between the sacrum and the coccyx

Question 17

Cranial nerves

Answer 17

12 pairs identified by both ROMAN NUMERALS AND NAMES.

The numbers indicate the order in which they connect to the brain from anterior to posterior while the names suggest. Either their distribution or function. Like all peripheral nerves, cranial nerves are made up of bundles of axions, unlike other they connect to the under surface of the brain. Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves are either mixed, sensory or mostly motor. Mostly motor also contain proprioceptive fibers that carry information regarding muscle tension in the muscle controlled by the motor fibers of the same motor nerve.

Question 18

Cranial nerves

I

Answer 18

I

Name: Olfactory

Class : sensory

Function: smell

Question 19

Cranial nerves

II

Answer 19

II

Name: optic

Class: sensory

Function: vision

Question 20

Cranial nerves

III

Answer 20

III

name: oculomotor

Class: mostly motor

Function: eye movement

Question 21

Cranial nerves

IV

Answer 21

IV

Name : troclear

Class: mostly motor

Function: eye movement

Question 22

Cranial nerves

VI

Answer 22

VI

Name: abducens

Class: mostly motor

Function: eye movement (abducts the eye)

Question 23

Conus medullaris

Answer 23

CONE MIDDLE

The inferior end of the spinal cord (cone shaped) usually ends at L1, but can vary between T12 & L3

Question 24

Film terminale

Answer 24

THREAD END

A connective tissue filament/cord arising from the end of the conus medullaris that attaches to the coccyx (a continuation of the dura)

Question 25

Cauda equine

Answer 25

TAIL HORSE

The spinal column ends in the lumbar area and continues through the vertebral canal as spinal nerves.

These nerves send and receive messages to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs.

Collection of nerves at the end of the spinal cord resembles a horse’s tail and is called cauda equina.

Question 26

Cranial nerves

Acromions

Names and functions

Answer 26

Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly - names

Some say marry money but my brother says bad business marry money - functions

Question 27

Cranial nerve functions

3

Answer 27

Mostly motor
Sensory
Both

Question 28

Coracobrachialis

A, I, O

Answer 28

A - adduction and flexion of the humerus

O - coracoid process of scapula

I - medial surface of the mid-humeral shaft

Named for attachments

Question 29

Splenius capitis

A, I, O

Answer 29

A- bilateral: extension of head and neck
Unilateral : ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion

O - lower portion of the nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T3

I - mastoid process of the superior nuchal line (lateral) of occipital bone

Second layer of posterior cervical muscles