A&P 2.14 cell membranes & cellular transport

Question 0

Plasma membrane

Answer 0

Cell membrane and boundary, maintains its integrity,

Protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane perform various functions

Question 1

Basic cell anatomy

Answer 1

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

Holds the genetic code which dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities, namely cell transport, metabolism and growth

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

Gel-like substance, includes various organelles suspended in a watery fluid called cytosol (intercellular fluid)

Question 4

Components of the plasma membrane

Answer 4

Phospholipid bilayer

Membrane proteins

Question 5

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 5

Maintains cell integrity

Made of membrane proteins and receptor molecules allow for transport of molecules, hormones, and other chemicals involved in signal transduction

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions that regulate metabolic reactions

Question 6

Phospholipid bilayer consists of

Answer 6

Six main types of proteins in the cell membrane
Layer is studded with membrane proteins performing various functions

Two layers: hydrophobic (lipid) tails and hydrophilic (phosphate) heads

Question 7

Membrane layers

Answer 7

Phospho head - outer - water liking

Lipid tail - inner - water hating

Question 8

Membrane proteins

Answer 8

Act as channels or carriers of molecules - controls transport of water soluble molecules from one compartment to another

Bind molecules outside the cell that form connections between cells & other structures (tissue fibers or other cells)

Those that bind to support filaments within the cytoplasm maintain shape and movement

Question 9

Membrane proteins

Glycoproteins

Answer 9

Are proteins in the membrane that act as markers that recognize cells or organelles

Question 10

Functions of membrane proteins

Answer 10

Formation of a channel
Transporter proteins
Receptor proteins

Question 11

Membrane proteins

4

Answer 11

Ion channels
Carriers (transporters)
Receptors
Cell identity markers

Question 12

Ion channels

Answer 12

Pores or holes through which specific ions can flow to get into or out of the cell (most ion channels are selective - one type of ion)

Question 13

Carriers (transporters)

Answer 13

Selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other

Question 14

Receptors

Answer 14

Cellular recognition sites, recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule ( insulin receptor)

Question 15

Cell identity markers

Answer 15

Enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind or identify foreign cells (blood type)

Question 16

Elements defined

Answer 16

Substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means (pure)

Question 17

96 % of the human body is composed of

Answer 17

4 major elements:

Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

Question 18

Compounds

Answer 18

More than one element combined

Question 19

Classes of compounds

2

Answer 19

Inorganic

Organic

Question 20

Inorganic compound

Answer 20

70% +- of our body is water (the most abundant and important compound)

Question 21

Organic compound

Answer 21

Presences of carbon and they are protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids ( RNA & DNA)

Carbon hydrogen bond

Question 22

Transport across the membrane

2 types

Answer 22

Passive

Active

Question 23

Passive transport

Answer 23

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached,

Does not require cellular energy in the form of ATP

Particles move using energy they already have

Question 24

Three types of passive transport

Answer 24

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Question 25

Diffusion

Answer 25

Movement of a substance by kinetic energy down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

Question 26

Simple diffusion

Answer 26

Passive movement of a substance through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane Tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within a given space Requires a concentration gradient Measurable concentration difference between areas

Question 27

Osmosis

Answer 27

Movement of WATER molecules through/across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Question 28

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

Passive movement of a substance down a concentration gradient aided by ion channels and carrier molecules

Question 29

Active transport Defined

Answer 29

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient | Requires cellular energy in the form of ATP

Question 30

Active transport How it works

Answer 30

Transport in which the cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient aided by MEMBRANE PROTEINS that act as PUMPS Use energy supplied by ATP Particles are actively PULLED across the membrane

Question 31

Transport across the plasma membrane 2 types

Answer 31

Endocytosis Exocytosis

Question 32

Transport in vesicles

Answer 32

Movement of substances into or out of a cell in vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane Requires energy supplied by ATP

Question 33

Endocytosis

Answer 33

Movement of substance into a cell in vesicles

Question 34

Endocytosis 2 types

Answer 34

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis

Question 35

Phagocytosis

Answer 35

"Cell eating" | Movement of a solid particles into a cell after pseudopods engulf it

Question 36

Pinocytosis

Answer 36

"Cell drinking" | Movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by in folding of plasma membrane

Question 37

Exocytosis

Answer 37

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents in to the extracellular fluid

Question 38

How do neurotransmitters interact with the plasma membrane?

Answer 38

They bind to receptors on their surface

Question 39

OBTURATOR internus A, I, O

Answer 39

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur O - proximal attachment - internal surface of OBTURATOR membrane and rim of the pubis and ischium I - distal attachment - medial aspect of the greater trochanter

Question 40

OBTURATOR externus A, O, I

Answer 40

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur O - proximal attachment - external surface of the OBTURATOR membrane and the rim of the pubis and ischium I - distal attachment - medial aspect of the greater trochanter

Question 41

Quadratus femoris A, I, O

Answer 41

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur O - proximal attachment - upper part of the ischial tuberosity I - distal attachment - just inferior to the greater trochanter (linea quadrata)