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A&P 2 > A&P 2.14 cell membranes & cellular transport > Flashcards

A&P 2.14 cell membranes & cellular transport Flashcards

0
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane and boundary, maintains its integrity,

Protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane perform various functions

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1
Q

Basic cell anatomy

A

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds the genetic code which dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities, namely cell transport, metabolism and growth

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel-like substance, includes various organelles suspended in a watery fluid called cytosol (intercellular fluid)

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4
Q

Components of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer

Membrane proteins

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Maintains cell integrity

Made of membrane proteins and receptor molecules allow for transport of molecules, hormones, and other chemicals involved in signal transduction

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions that regulate metabolic reactions

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6
Q

Phospholipid bilayer consists of

A

Six main types of proteins in the cell membrane
Layer is studded with membrane proteins performing various functions

Two layers: hydrophobic (lipid) tails and hydrophilic (phosphate) heads

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7
Q

Membrane layers

A

Phospho head - outer - water liking

Lipid tail - inner - water hating

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8
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Act as channels or carriers of molecules - controls transport of water soluble molecules from one compartment to another

Bind molecules outside the cell that form connections between cells & other structures (tissue fibers or other cells)

Those that bind to support filaments within the cytoplasm maintain shape and movement

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9
Q

Membrane proteins

Glycoproteins

A

Are proteins in the membrane that act as markers that recognize cells or organelles

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10
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

Formation of a channel
Transporter proteins
Receptor proteins

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11
Q

Membrane proteins

4

A

Ion channels
Carriers (transporters)
Receptors
Cell identity markers

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12
Q

Ion channels

A

Pores or holes through which specific ions can flow to get into or out of the cell (most ion channels are selective - one type of ion)

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13
Q

Carriers (transporters)

A

Selectively move a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other

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14
Q

Receptors

A

Cellular recognition sites, recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule ( insulin receptor)

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15
Q

Cell identity markers

A

Enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind or identify foreign cells (blood type)

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16
Q

Elements defined

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means (pure)

17
Q

96 % of the human body is composed of

A

4 major elements:

Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

18
Q

Compounds

A

More than one element combined

19
Q

Classes of compounds

2

A

Inorganic

Organic

20
Q

Inorganic compound

A

70% +- of our body is water (the most abundant and important compound)

21
Q

Organic compound

A

Presences of carbon and they are protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids ( RNA & DNA)

Carbon hydrogen bond

22
Q

Transport across the membrane

2 types

A

Passive

Active

23
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached,

Does not require cellular energy in the form of ATP

Particles move using energy they already have

24
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

25
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance by kinetic energy down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

26
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Passive movement of a substance through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

Tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within a given space

Requires a concentration gradient

Measurable concentration difference between areas

27
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of WATER molecules through/across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

28
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive movement of a substance down a concentration gradient aided by ion channels and carrier molecules

29
Q

Active transport

Defined

A

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient

Requires cellular energy in the form of ATP

30
Q

Active transport

How it works

A

Transport in which the cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient aided by MEMBRANE PROTEINS that act as PUMPS

Use energy supplied by ATP

Particles are actively PULLED across the membrane

31
Q

Transport across the plasma membrane

2 types

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

32
Q

Transport in vesicles

A

Movement of substances into or out of a cell in vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane

Requires energy supplied by ATP

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of substance into a cell in vesicles

34
Q

Endocytosis

2 types

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell eating”

Movement of a solid particles into a cell after pseudopods engulf it

36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”

Movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by in folding of plasma membrane

37
Q

Exocytosis

A

Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents in to the extracellular fluid

38
Q

How do neurotransmitters interact with the plasma membrane?

A

They bind to receptors on their surface

39
Q

OBTURATOR internus

A, I, O

A

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur

O - proximal attachment - internal surface of OBTURATOR membrane and rim of the pubis and ischium

I - distal attachment - medial aspect of the greater trochanter

40
Q

OBTURATOR externus

A, O, I

A

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur

O - proximal attachment - external surface of the OBTURATOR membrane and the rim of the pubis and ischium

I - distal attachment - medial aspect of the greater trochanter

41
Q

Quadratus femoris

A, I, O

A

A -lateral rotation and extension of the femur

O - proximal attachment - upper part of the ischial tuberosity

I - distal attachment - just inferior to the greater trochanter (linea quadrata)

A&P 2 (23 decks)

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