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A&P 2 > A&P 2.2 Sensation > Flashcards

A&P 2.2 Sensation Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness of a sensation as interpreted by the CNS

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1
Q

Sensation

Defined

A
  • Subconscious or conscious recognition of stimulus by the CNS
  • Starts with a CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (internal or external)
  • A sensory receptor is activated and converts the stimulus to an electrical signal going to the brain
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2
Q

Process of sensation

4 parts

A
  • Stimulus must occur
  • Sensory receptors detect internal/external stimuli
  • Each sensory neuron conducts a nerve impulse (action potential)
  • Action potentials along a SENSORY NEURON stimulate neurons in the CNS
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3
Q

Adaptation

A

Decrease in strength of a PERCEIVED sensation during prolonged stimulus (hot tub, cold pool, smell)
It is variable

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4
Q

Adaption

Variations

Tactile and smell

A

Tactile (touch) and smell sensors adapt quickly

Sensitive to change, rather than continuous input

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5
Q

Perception

Variable

Nociceptors and proprioceptors

A

Nociceptors (pain) and proprioceptors (space)

Continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as stimulus present

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6
Q

Phantom limb

A

Sensation felt after limb is amputated

Projection

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7
Q

Projection

A

Perception of stimulus in the brain (illusion creation) at the site of the stimulus

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8
Q

Classification of sensory receptors

General

3 bullets

A

Each receptor responds to a specific type of stimulus (specialized)
Each neuron conducts an impulse that has a particular function
There are three different classifications and they overlap

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9
Q

classification of sensory receptors by

3

A

Location
cellular Characteristics
Stimulus

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10
Q

Location

3 types

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interocepters

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11
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Skin or cutaneous receptors

On or near the surface, skin and superficial fascia
Usually respond to external stimulus

Example: touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Spacial sensors

Located in skeletal muscles, joint capsules, tendons, ligaments and fascia
Monitors stretch and tension (tugs and pulls), mechanical
Provides us with info about physical orientation and movement

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13
Q

Interocepters

A 
Visceral. Also called enterocepters
Located internally (visceral/organs)
Respond to internal stimuli (pressure, stretching and chemical changes in the viscera)
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14
Q

Pain felt where

A

Pain will reside in all three of the locations

Can be felt in skin, muscle and organs

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15
Q

Cellular characteristics

2

A

Simple

Complex

16
Q

Cellular characteristics

Simple

2 types

A

Free nerve endings

Encapsulated nerve endings

17
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Dendrites respond directly to stimulus

Example: nocicepters

18
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Dendrites are wrapped in a connective tissue coating

Examples: mechanoreceptors and corpuscles

19
Q

Cellular characteristics

Complex

A

Cellular receptors

Entire cells that detect stimuli and initiate sensory impulses

Examples: special senses (sight, smell, hearing, taste, balance)

20
Q

Classification of sensory receptors

By stimulus

5

A 
Mechanoreceptors 
Thermoreceptors
Nocicepters 
Photoreceptors 
Chemoreceptors
21
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical deformation of tissue (tugs and pulls)

22
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in temperature

23
Q

Nocicepters

A

Respond to pain; actual or near damage to tissue

24
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to visible light

25
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemical

external: smell, taste,
internal: oxygen or carbon dioxide

26
Q

Sensory modalities

2 types

A

General

Special

27
Q

General senses

A

Body wide
Simple receptors
Includes the following: touch, pressure, pain, vibration, proprioception, visceral senses

28
Q

Somatic senses

General

A

Sensory, include cutaneous and proprioception

Arise from skin, muscles, joints and fascia

29
Q

Cutaneous sensations

3

A

Tactile sensations - requires contact ( touch, pressure, vibration)
Thermal sensations - requires temperature change
Pain sensors - nociception

30
Q

Proprioception

A

Organs

31
Q

Special senses

5

A 
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Balance
32
Q

General senses

2

A

Somatic senses

Visceral senses

33
Q

Triceps brachii

A, I, O

A

A - extends the elbow

O - long head - infraglenoid tubercle;
lateral head - posterior proximal 1/2 humerus lateral to radial/spiral groove;
medial head - posterior distal 1/2 humerus medial to radial/spiral groove

I - olecranon process of ulna for all three heads

Named for three heads, arm

34
Q

Bony landmarks

A

Olecranon
Infraglenoid tubercle
Condyles
Radial spiral ridge

35
Q

Anconeus

A, I, O

A

A- extend the elbow

O- posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the humerus

I - olecranon process and posterior, proximal surface of the ulna

A&P 2 (23 decks)

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