A&P 2.2 Sensation

Question 0

Perception

Answer 0

Conscious awareness of a sensation as interpreted by the CNS

Question 1

Sensation

Defined

Answer 1

• Subconscious or conscious recognition of stimulus by the CNS
• Starts with a CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (internal or external)
• A sensory receptor is activated and converts the stimulus to an electrical signal going to the brain

Question 2

Process of sensation

4 parts

Answer 2

• Stimulus must occur
• Sensory receptors detect internal/external stimuli
• Each sensory neuron conducts a nerve impulse (action potential)
• Action potentials along a SENSORY NEURON stimulate neurons in the CNS

Question 3

Adaptation

Answer 3

Decrease in strength of a PERCEIVED sensation during prolonged stimulus (hot tub, cold pool, smell)
It is variable

Question 4

Adaption

Variations

Tactile and smell

Answer 4

Tactile (touch) and smell sensors adapt quickly

Sensitive to change, rather than continuous input

Question 5

Perception

Variable

Nociceptors and proprioceptors

Answer 5

Nociceptors (pain) and proprioceptors (space)

Continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as stimulus present

Question 6

Phantom limb

Answer 6

Sensation felt after limb is amputated

Projection

Question 7

Projection

Answer 7

Perception of stimulus in the brain (illusion creation) at the site of the stimulus

Question 8

Classification of sensory receptors

General

3 bullets

Answer 8

Each receptor responds to a specific type of stimulus (specialized)
Each neuron conducts an impulse that has a particular function
There are three different classifications and they overlap

Question 9

classification of sensory receptors by

3

Answer 9

Location
cellular Characteristics
Stimulus

Question 10

Location

3 types

Answer 10

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interocepters

Question 11

Exteroceptors

Answer 11

Skin or cutaneous receptors

On or near the surface, skin and superficial fascia
Usually respond to external stimulus

Example: touch, pressure, pain, vibration, temperature

Question 12

Proprioceptors

Answer 12

Spacial sensors

Located in skeletal muscles, joint capsules, tendons, ligaments and fascia
Monitors stretch and tension (tugs and pulls), mechanical
Provides us with info about physical orientation and movement

Question 13

Interocepters

Answer 13

Visceral. Also called enterocepters
Located internally (visceral/organs)
Respond to internal stimuli (pressure, stretching and chemical changes in the viscera)

Question 14

Pain felt where

Answer 14

Pain will reside in all three of the locations

Can be felt in skin, muscle and organs

Question 15

Cellular characteristics

2

Answer 15

Simple

Complex

Question 16

Cellular characteristics

Simple

2 types

Answer 16

Free nerve endings

Encapsulated nerve endings

Question 17

Free nerve endings

Answer 17

Dendrites respond directly to stimulus

Example: nocicepters

Question 18

Encapsulated nerve endings

Answer 18

Dendrites are wrapped in a connective tissue coating

Examples: mechanoreceptors and corpuscles

Question 19

Cellular characteristics

Complex

Answer 19

Cellular receptors

Entire cells that detect stimuli and initiate sensory impulses

Examples: special senses (sight, smell, hearing, taste, balance)

Question 20

Classification of sensory receptors

By stimulus

5

Answer 20

Mechanoreceptors 
Thermoreceptors
Nocicepters 
Photoreceptors 
Chemoreceptors

Question 21

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 21

Respond to mechanical deformation of tissue (tugs and pulls)

Question 22

Thermoreceptors

Answer 22

Respond to changes in temperature

Question 23

Nocicepters

Answer 23

Respond to pain; actual or near damage to tissue

Question 24

Photoreceptors

Answer 24

Respond to visible light

Question 25

Chemoreceptors

Answer 25

Respond to chemical external: smell, taste, internal: oxygen or carbon dioxide

Question 26

Sensory modalities 2 types

Answer 26

General | Special

Question 27

General senses

Answer 27

Body wide Simple receptors Includes the following: touch, pressure, pain, vibration, proprioception, visceral senses

Question 28

Somatic senses General

Answer 28

Sensory, include cutaneous and proprioception | Arise from skin, muscles, joints and fascia

Question 29

Cutaneous sensations 3

Answer 29

Tactile sensations - requires contact ( touch, pressure, vibration) Thermal sensations - requires temperature change Pain sensors - nociception

Question 30

Proprioception

Answer 30

Organs

Question 31

Special senses 5

Answer 31

``` Smell Taste Vision Hearing Balance ```

Question 32

General senses 2

Answer 32

Somatic senses | Visceral senses

Question 33

Triceps brachii A, I, O

Answer 33

A - extends the elbow O - long head - infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head - posterior proximal 1/2 humerus lateral to radial/spiral groove; medial head - posterior distal 1/2 humerus medial to radial/spiral groove I - olecranon process of ulna for all three heads Named for three heads, arm

Question 34

Bony landmarks

Answer 34

Olecranon Infraglenoid tubercle Condyles Radial spiral ridge

Question 35

Anconeus A, I, O

Answer 35

A- extend the elbow O- posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the humerus I - olecranon process and posterior, proximal surface of the ulna