A&P 2.19 Adrenals, gonads, posterior pituitary gland

Question 1

Gastrocnemius

A, I, O

Answer 1

A - flex the knee, plantar flex the ankle

O - condyles of the femur, posterior surface

I - calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

DEEP TO HAMSTRINGS ONLY AT ORIGION

PLANTER - PLANT

Question 2

Soleus

A, O, I

Answer 2

A - plantar flex the ankle

O - sole all line, proximal, posterior surface of the tibia, and posterior aspect of head of fibula

I - calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Question 3

Adrenal glands

General

Answer 3

Cholesterol hormones

Location- on top of kidneys(retroperitoneum)

2 portions - medulla (middle) and cortex - bark (outer portion)

Question 4

Adrenal glands

Medulla

Answer 4

Hormones : epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Target: sympathetic effectors ( skin, heart, lungs, eye, liver)

Effect: enhance and prolong fight/flight in sympathetic ANS

Question 5

Adrenal glands

Cortex portion - three different sections

Answer 5

SALT, SWEET and SEX

Slow change, steroid hormones

Outer zone - Zona glomerulosa - Aldosterone - salt
Middle zone - zona fasciculata - cortisol - sweet.
Inner zone - zona reticulims - androgens/estrogens - sex

Question 6

Adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

Answer 6

Mineral corticoid

Location- zona glometulosa ( outer zone)

Target - kidneys

Effect- conservation of sodium by kidneys, release of ADH causes water retention by body; dump K+ and H+ into urine for excretion

Question 7

Adrenal glands

Cortex

Cortisol

Answer 7

Glucocorticoid - zona fasciculata - sugar/ sweet

Target - general

Effect- metabolism of food and anti inflammatory effect, ATP Production

Question 8

Adrenal glands

Cortex
Androgens

Answer 8

Gonadocorticoid

Target - sex organs

Effects - women - promote libido and is converted to estrogen

Both - stimulate axillary and pubic hair, contributes to prepubertal growth

Question 9

Gonads

Answer 9

Ovaries and testes
Location- ovaries: pelvic cavity - paired oval bodies in pelvic cavity
testes: scrotum, oval glands, lie in the scrotum

Hormones- ovaries- estrogen and progesterone; scrotum - testerone
Target - general
Effect - female- establish body shape, maintain monthly cycle, prepares and maintains pregnancy
Male - regulate sperm production, stimulates and maintains development of male characteristics (beard/deep voice)

Question 10

Ovaries and tested

Exocrine functions versus endocrine functions

Answer 10

Exocrine: Production of eggs/ovum and/or sperm

Endocrine: hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Question 11

Major hormones of the posterior pituitary

2

Answer 11

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 11

Pituitary gland

2 lobes

Answer 11

Anterior - larger - adenohypophysis

Posterior - smaller - neurohypophysis - contains neurosecretory cells

Location for both: hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone also known as “sella turica” - Turkish saddle

Question 12

Sella turica

Answer 12

Turkish saddle

Fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

Antidiurecic hormone - retains salt

Target - kidneys

Effect - retains water in the kidneys

Question 15

Oxytocin

Answer 15

Target - uterus and breasts

Effects - stimulates uterine contractions and milk let down

Question 16

Hormones stored in the posterior pituitary but are NOT

Answer 16

SYNTHESIZED BY THE POST PITUITARY gland

ADH and oxytocin

Question 17

ADH And oxytocin are made in the

Answer 17

Hypothalamus and carried by neurosecretory cells to the post pituitary gland for storage