A&P 2.18 pineal, parathyroid, thymus & pancreas

Question 1

Tibialis anterior

A, I, O

Answer 1

Proximal attachment - proximal 2/3 of the lateral tibia and the interosseous membrane

Distal attachment - medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal

Action - dorsiflexion at ankle, inversion (rotates plantar surface toward midline)

Question 2

Inversion

Answer 2

Rotates plantar surface towards midline

Question 3

Leg compartments

4

Answer 3

Posterior
Deep posterior
Lateral
Anterior

Trail guides 367

Question 4

Graves’ disease

Answer 4

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Question 5

Calcitrol

Answer 5

Active vitamin D

Question 6

Pineal gland

Answer 6

Location - diencephalon of the brain (3rd ventricle)
Hormone - melatonin
Target tissue - hypothalamus (brain to brain - diencephalon to hypothalamus)

Effect: regulates body clock, promotes sleepiness, may involve reproduction, circadian rhythm
(More produced at night)

Pine cone shaped

Question 7

Parathyroid gland

Answer 7

Location- posterior surface of thyroid (4 nodules)
Hormone - PTH
target tissue - bone, kidneys
Effect- increases osteoclasts, increase calcium in blood, increases absorption of calcium from food via intestines, promotes formation and release of calcitrol

Question 8

Thymus gland

Answer 8

Location: mediastinum
Hormone: thymosin (educates T cells)
Target tissue- immune system
Effect- promotes formation & maturation of T cells

Large in children, begins to atrophy throughout life

Considered a primary lymphatic organ
Thumping the thymus gland improves the immune system

Question 9

Heterocine gland

2

Answer 9

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Pancreas and gonads

Question 10

Pancreas

Answer 10

Location- left upper quadrant, head is in the curve of the duodenum

Two major hormones: insulin - from beta cells, and glucagon from alpha cells

Question 11

Insulin

Answer 11

Pancreas
From beta cells
Target tissues: various cells/tissues throughout the body, general
Effect - lowers blood sugar - tells cells to absorb/uptake glucose from blood to cells
If used it’s energy, if not it turns to fat
INTO THE CELLS

Question 12

glucagon

Answer 12

Pancreas
From alpha cells
Target tissues- glycogen stored in liver/glucagon from pancreas
Effect- increases blood sugar (breaks down glycogen into glucose)

Question 13

Insulin and glucagon are

Answer 13

Antagonists- do opposite things to glucose

Insulin lowers blood glucose

Glucagon increases blood glucose

Question 14

Hormones versus enzymes

Answer 14

Hormones (endocrine) tell the body to break things down or to do things

Enzymes (exocrine) are the substance that break down substances

Question 15

Diabetes

Answer 15

ALWAYS AN INSULIN ISSUE NOT GLUCAGON

Multiple types

Question 16

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

No cure for (autoimmune), insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually appears in teenage years, more rare, more serious, cells are destroyed that handle this

Question 17

Diabetes type 2

Answer 17

NIDDM (Non-insulin dependent DM)

Most common
Can become insulin dependent in later years if not regulated through diet and exercise
Used to be considered an adult onset, not any more
80% of diabetics are overweight

Question 18

Diabetics massage considerations

Answer 18

Indicated as long as tissues are healthy and circulation unimpaired
Contraindicated - circulatory massage
In advanced stages or poorly managed cases
Numbness
Cardiovascular problems and or kidney failure