A&P 2.17 Endrocrine System Flashcards
Sartorius
A, I, O
Proximal attachment : ASIS
Distal attachment: proximal, medial tibial shaft
Part of pes anserinus (goose foot)
Action: assists flexion of hip, assists flexion of knee, medial rotation of the tibia (knee flexed)
Pes anserinus
Goose foot
SGT
SARTORIUS, GRACILIS, SEMITENDINOSUS
Nervous system and endocrine system
Types of tissue: CMEN (CT, M, epithelial, N )
- endocrine system is glandular epithelial tissue
- both function to achieve & maintain stability of the internal environment (homeostasis)
- they may work alone or together as the neoendrocrine system. Performing communication, integration and control
Two main regulators of homeostasis
Nervous system
Endrocrine system
Major link between nervous system and Endrocrine
Hypothalamus
Nervous system
Regulates by using neurotransmitters in synapses to single target tissue.
It’s faster and has a shorter lived response
Endrocrine
Regulates by releasing hormones into the blood then to target tissue throughout the body
- slower but lasts for minutes-days
Neuroendocrine system
Nervous system and endocrine system working together
Hypothalamus
A neuroendrocrine gland due to its dual function
Examples: sleeping, walking, eating, metabolism
Thalamus
Sensory relay between perception and sensation
Exocrine
Secrete substances via DUCTS ONTO FREE SURFACES - skin, lumen inside organ, or cavity- larger spaces not generally part of a tube
Examples: earwax, sweat, mucous, digestive glands
Endocrine
Secrete HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD
Goes from the glands and diffuses into interstitial fluid into the blood to target tissues
Nervous system versus endocrine
Chemical
Neurotransmitter
Hormone
Nervous system versus endocrine
Location
Synapes
Blood
Nervous system versus endocrine
Speed
Microseconds - fast
Minutes-hours - slow
Nervous system versus endocrine
Length of effect
Microseconds - short
Minutes-hours-days
Nervous system versus endocrine
Effector tissue
Neuron, muscle or gland
Variety of tissues and organs
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Neurotransmitters versus hormones
Neurotransmitters in synapse
Hormone in the blood
Nervous system versus endocrine
Distance traveled
Short distance across the synapse
Long distance thought the blood stream
Organs/Glands List
from superior to inferior
Acronym
particularly happy people try positions that always provide orgasmic treats
—Thanks Gene!
Glands and organs from superior to inferior
Pineal gland - cranial cavity - pine coned shaped
Hypothalamus - cranial cavity - below thalamus
Pituitary gland- cranial cavity - below hypothalamus
Thyroid gland- neck - below Adam’s apple
Parathyroid gland- on posterior thyroid
Thymus - mediastinum - sternum
Adrenal glands - on top of kidneys (retroperitoneum) - serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Pancreas - abdominal cavity upper left quadrant
Ovaries - pelvic cavity right and left lower quadrant
Testes - scrotum
Retroperitoneum
Defined
Serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Overall function of hormones
4
Helps regulate:
- internal environment (interstitial fluid)
- contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- glandular secretions
- some immune system functions
Growth and development
Reproductive systems
Circadian rhythms
Thyroid gland
Located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea, just below the larynx (voice box)
Made of two lateral lobes and a narrow connecting isthmus
Parathyroid glands
Four nodules embedded in the tissue of the posterior thyroid bilaterally
Thyroid hormones
(TH) thyroid hormone
(CT) calcitonin
Thyroid hormone
Actually two hormones
(T3) triiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general (target) - INCREASES METABOLISM
(T4) tetraiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general target - INCREASES METABOLISM (usually converted to T3 first)
Calcitonin
Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) , bone tissue (target), increases calcium storage in the bone, LOWERING Ca++ LEVELS
Parathyroid hormone
PTH parathyroid glands (source), bone tissue/kidneys (target), increases calcium removal from storage in bone and produces the the active form of vitamin D in the kidneys, increasing absorption of calcium from intestines and INCREASING BLOOD Ca++ LEVELS
PTH AND CT
Opposite effects
ANTAGONIST HORMONES
Thyroid hormone abnormalities
3
Hyper secretion
Goiter
Hypo secretion
Hyper-secretion
Too much - T3 and T4
Causes skinny GRAVES DISEASE
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disease Unexplained weight loss Nervousness Increased heart rate Protrusion of eyeballs
Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeballs
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland from lack of iodine in the diet
Big swollen neck
IT IS A SYMPTOM, NOT AN ACTUAL PATHOLOGY
Hypo-secretion
Too little T3 or T4
Overweight
Two types
Cretonism and hypothyroidism
Cretonism
Congenital hypothyroidism
Retarded growth and sexual development with possible mental retardation
At birth need thyroid hormone treatment for life
Hypothyroidism
In adults Weight gain Temperature sensitivity -cold Depression Dry skin Sunken in eyes
Enopthalmos
Sunken in eyes
Target cells
Cells in any tissue or organ with a specific receptor for that hormone
Some cells receive both hormones and neurotransmitters
