A&P 2.17 Endrocrine System

Question 1

Sartorius

A, I, O

Answer 1

Proximal attachment : ASIS

Distal attachment: proximal, medial tibial shaft

Part of pes anserinus (goose foot)

Action: assists flexion of hip, assists flexion of knee, medial rotation of the tibia (knee flexed)

Question 2

Pes anserinus

Answer 2

Goose foot

SGT

SARTORIUS, GRACILIS, SEMITENDINOSUS

Question 3

Nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 3

Types of tissue: CMEN (CT, M, epithelial, N )

• endocrine system is glandular epithelial tissue
• both function to achieve & maintain stability of the internal environment (homeostasis)
• they may work alone or together as the neoendrocrine system. Performing communication, integration and control

Question 4

Two main regulators of homeostasis

Answer 4

Nervous system

Endrocrine system

Question 5

Major link between nervous system and Endrocrine

Answer 5

Hypothalamus

Question 6

Nervous system

Answer 6

Regulates by using neurotransmitters in synapses to single target tissue.

It’s faster and has a shorter lived response

Question 7

Endrocrine

Answer 7

Regulates by releasing hormones into the blood then to target tissue throughout the body
- slower but lasts for minutes-days

Question 8

Neuroendocrine system

Answer 8

Nervous system and endocrine system working together

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

A neuroendrocrine gland due to its dual function

Examples: sleeping, walking, eating, metabolism

Question 10

Thalamus

Answer 10

Sensory relay between perception and sensation

Question 11

Exocrine

Answer 11

Secrete substances via DUCTS ONTO FREE SURFACES - skin, lumen inside organ, or cavity- larger spaces not generally part of a tube

Examples: earwax, sweat, mucous, digestive glands

Question 12

Endocrine

Answer 12

Secrete HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD

Goes from the glands and diffuses into interstitial fluid into the blood to target tissues

Question 13

Nervous system versus endocrine

Chemical

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter

Hormone

Question 14

Nervous system versus endocrine

Location

Answer 14

Synapes

Blood

Question 15

Nervous system versus endocrine

Speed

Answer 15

Microseconds - fast

Minutes-hours - slow

Question 16

Nervous system versus endocrine

Length of effect

Answer 16

Microseconds - short

Minutes-hours-days

Question 17

Nervous system versus endocrine

Effector tissue

Answer 17

Neuron, muscle or gland

Variety of tissues and organs

Question 18

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Neurotransmitters versus hormones

Answer 18

Neurotransmitters in synapse

Hormone in the blood

Question 19

Nervous system versus endocrine

Distance traveled

Answer 19

Short distance across the synapse

Long distance thought the blood stream

Question 20

Organs/Glands List

from superior to inferior

Acronym

Answer 20

particularly happy people try positions that always provide orgasmic treats

—Thanks Gene!

Question 21

Glands and organs from superior to inferior

Answer 21

Pineal gland - cranial cavity - pine coned shaped
Hypothalamus - cranial cavity - below thalamus
Pituitary gland- cranial cavity - below hypothalamus
Thyroid gland- neck - below Adam’s apple
Parathyroid gland- on posterior thyroid
Thymus - mediastinum - sternum
Adrenal glands - on top of kidneys (retroperitoneum) - serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Pancreas - abdominal cavity upper left quadrant
Ovaries - pelvic cavity right and left lower quadrant
Testes - scrotum

Question 22

Retroperitoneum

Defined

Answer 22

Serous membrane of abdominal cavity

Question 23

Overall function of hormones

4

Answer 23

Helps regulate:

• internal environment (interstitial fluid)
• contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
• glandular secretions
• some immune system functions

Growth and development
Reproductive systems
Circadian rhythms

Question 24

Thyroid gland

Answer 24

Located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea, just below the larynx (voice box)

Made of two lateral lobes and a narrow connecting isthmus

Question 25

Parathyroid glands

Answer 25

Four nodules embedded in the tissue of the posterior thyroid bilaterally

Question 26

Thyroid hormones

Answer 26

(TH) thyroid hormone (CT) calcitonin

Question 27

Thyroid hormone

Answer 27

Actually two hormones (T3) triiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general (target) - INCREASES METABOLISM (T4) tetraiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general target - INCREASES METABOLISM (usually converted to T3 first)

Question 28

Calcitonin

Answer 28

Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) , bone tissue (target), increases calcium storage in the bone, LOWERING Ca++ LEVELS

Question 29

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 29

``` PTH parathyroid glands (source), bone tissue/kidneys (target), increases calcium removal from storage in bone and produces the the active form of vitamin D in the kidneys, increasing absorption of calcium from intestines and INCREASING BLOOD Ca++ LEVELS ```

Question 30

PTH AND CT

Answer 30

Opposite effects ANTAGONIST HORMONES

Question 31

Thyroid hormone abnormalities 3

Answer 31

Hyper secretion Goiter Hypo secretion

Question 32

Hyper-secretion

Answer 32

Too much - T3 and T4 | Causes skinny GRAVES DISEASE

Question 33

Graves' disease

Answer 33

``` Autoimmune disease Unexplained weight loss Nervousness Increased heart rate Protrusion of eyeballs ```

Question 34

Exophthalmos

Answer 34

Protrusion of the eyeballs

Question 35

Goiter

Answer 35

Enlarged thyroid gland from lack of iodine in the diet Big swollen neck IT IS A SYMPTOM, NOT AN ACTUAL PATHOLOGY

Question 36

Hypo-secretion

Answer 36

Too little T3 or T4 Overweight Two types Cretonism and hypothyroidism

Question 37

Cretonism

Answer 37

Congenital hypothyroidism Retarded growth and sexual development with possible mental retardation At birth need thyroid hormone treatment for life

Question 38

Hypothyroidism

Answer 38

``` In adults Weight gain Temperature sensitivity -cold Depression Dry skin Sunken in eyes ```

Question 39

Enopthalmos

Answer 39

Sunken in eyes

Question 40

Target cells

Answer 40

Cells in any tissue or organ with a specific receptor for that hormone Some cells receive both hormones and neurotransmitters