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A&P 2 > A&P 2.17 Endrocrine System > Flashcards

A&P 2.17 Endrocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Sartorius

A, I, O

A

Proximal attachment : ASIS

Distal attachment: proximal, medial tibial shaft

Part of pes anserinus (goose foot)

Action: assists flexion of hip, assists flexion of knee, medial rotation of the tibia (knee flexed)

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2
Q

Pes anserinus

A

Goose foot

SGT

SARTORIUS, GRACILIS, SEMITENDINOSUS

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3
Q

Nervous system and endocrine system

A

Types of tissue: CMEN (CT, M, epithelial, N )

  • endocrine system is glandular epithelial tissue
  • both function to achieve & maintain stability of the internal environment (homeostasis)
  • they may work alone or together as the neoendrocrine system. Performing communication, integration and control
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4
Q

Two main regulators of homeostasis

A

Nervous system

Endrocrine system

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5
Q

Major link between nervous system and Endrocrine

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Nervous system

A

Regulates by using neurotransmitters in synapses to single target tissue.

It’s faster and has a shorter lived response

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7
Q

Endrocrine

A

Regulates by releasing hormones into the blood then to target tissue throughout the body
- slower but lasts for minutes-days

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8
Q

Neuroendocrine system

A

Nervous system and endocrine system working together

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neuroendrocrine gland due to its dual function

Examples: sleeping, walking, eating, metabolism

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10
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay between perception and sensation

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11
Q

Exocrine

A

Secrete substances via DUCTS ONTO FREE SURFACES - skin, lumen inside organ, or cavity- larger spaces not generally part of a tube

Examples: earwax, sweat, mucous, digestive glands

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12
Q

Endocrine

A

Secrete HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD

Goes from the glands and diffuses into interstitial fluid into the blood to target tissues

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13
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Chemical

A

Neurotransmitter

Hormone

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14
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Location

A

Synapes

Blood

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15
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Speed

A

Microseconds - fast

Minutes-hours - slow

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16
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Length of effect

A

Microseconds - short

Minutes-hours-days

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17
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Effector tissue

A

Neuron, muscle or gland

Variety of tissues and organs

18
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Neurotransmitters versus hormones

A

Neurotransmitters in synapse

Hormone in the blood

19
Q

Nervous system versus endocrine

Distance traveled

A

Short distance across the synapse

Long distance thought the blood stream

20
Q

Organs/Glands List

from superior to inferior

Acronym

A

particularly happy people try positions that always provide orgasmic treats

—Thanks Gene!

21
Q

Glands and organs from superior to inferior

A

Pineal gland - cranial cavity - pine coned shaped
Hypothalamus - cranial cavity - below thalamus
Pituitary gland- cranial cavity - below hypothalamus
Thyroid gland- neck - below Adam’s apple
Parathyroid gland- on posterior thyroid
Thymus - mediastinum - sternum
Adrenal glands - on top of kidneys (retroperitoneum) - serous membrane of abdominal cavity
Pancreas - abdominal cavity upper left quadrant
Ovaries - pelvic cavity right and left lower quadrant
Testes - scrotum

22
Q

Retroperitoneum

Defined

A

Serous membrane of abdominal cavity

23
Q

Overall function of hormones

4

A

Helps regulate:

  • internal environment (interstitial fluid)
  • contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
  • glandular secretions
  • some immune system functions

Growth and development
Reproductive systems
Circadian rhythms

24
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea, just below the larynx (voice box)

Made of two lateral lobes and a narrow connecting isthmus

25
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four nodules embedded in the tissue of the posterior thyroid bilaterally

26
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

(TH) thyroid hormone

(CT) calcitonin

27
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Actually two hormones

(T3) triiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general (target) - INCREASES METABOLISM

(T4) tetraiodothyronine - thyroid gland, follicular cells (source), general target - INCREASES METABOLISM (usually converted to T3 first)

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) , bone tissue (target), increases calcium storage in the bone, LOWERING Ca++ LEVELS

29
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A 
PTH
parathyroid glands (source), bone tissue/kidneys (target), increases calcium removal from storage in bone and produces the the active form of vitamin D in the kidneys, increasing absorption of calcium from intestines and INCREASING BLOOD Ca++ LEVELS
30
Q

PTH AND CT

A

Opposite effects

ANTAGONIST HORMONES

31
Q

Thyroid hormone abnormalities

3

A

Hyper secretion
Goiter
Hypo secretion

32
Q

Hyper-secretion

A

Too much - T3 and T4

Causes skinny GRAVES DISEASE

33
Q

Graves’ disease

A 
Autoimmune disease
Unexplained weight loss
Nervousness
Increased heart rate
Protrusion of eyeballs
34
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyeballs

35
Q

Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid gland from lack of iodine in the diet
Big swollen neck

IT IS A SYMPTOM, NOT AN ACTUAL PATHOLOGY

36
Q

Hypo-secretion

A

Too little T3 or T4

Overweight

Two types

Cretonism and hypothyroidism

37
Q

Cretonism

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

Retarded growth and sexual development with possible mental retardation

At birth need thyroid hormone treatment for life

38
Q

Hypothyroidism

A 
In adults
Weight gain
Temperature sensitivity -cold
Depression
Dry skin
Sunken in eyes
39
Q

Enopthalmos

A

Sunken in eyes

40
Q

Target cells

A

Cells in any tissue or organ with a specific receptor for that hormone

Some cells receive both hormones and neurotransmitters

A&P 2 (23 decks)

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