A&P 2.1 neural system Flashcards
Whole body communicating networks
Fibrous (fascial) net
Neural net
Fluid net
Holistic standpoint
Defined
Focuses on seeing and treating the body as a whole and how cells of the body communicate together
Fibrous (fascial) net
Communicates how?
Essentially a tissue-fascia that invests continuously all body structures
Communicates mechanical information via tugs & pulls
Neural network
Communicates how?
Communicates coded electrical information
Fluid network
Communicates how
Communicates via hormones/chemicals
Major structures of nervous system
Or anatomy of the nervous system
4
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sensory receptors
Major structural divisions
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system or CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system or PNS
All the nervous tissue outside the CNS
Divided by structures innervated
Nerves and receptors
Peripheral nervous system PNS
Divided how
Divided regionally or by anatomy
Cranial nerves
PNS
Number
Cranial nerves CN (I-XII) 1-12 - nerves from the brain
Spinal nerves
PNS
Number
Spinal nerves (31 pairs ) come from vertebrae
PNS divided into 3 parts
Somatic division (SNS)
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Enteric nervous system (ENS)
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) composed of
Somat = body
Muscle of the day
Motor units to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
*VOLUNTARY and conscious
Autonomic division (ANS)
Motor unit and sensory unit from smooth and cardiac muscles and glands (involuntary)
Neurons go from muscles to glands
Sensory information from chemicals
** INVOLUNTARY and subconscious (autopilot)
Two subdivisions
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic division
Flight or flight
Survival mode
ANS
Parasympathetic division
Rest and relax
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
“Brain of the gut”
Extends most of the gastrointestinal tract
INVOLUNTARY
Major functions of the nervous system
3
Major function of the nervous system and functional classification of neurons regulate all activities
***all are both conscious and subconscious
Sensation or sensory function
Integration
Motor response or motor function
Sensation
Or sensory function
Detection or changes in the body’s internal and external environment
*sensory (afferent) neuron is the anatomy that does the function (PNS)
Integration
Processing and interpretation of sensations
Examples of this are consciousness of sensation, thoughts, ouch, tickle
Happens in the CNS
Interneurons (association neurons) - connect the sensory and motor neurons in 90% of the body
Motor function
Causes the muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Action or reaction to sensation and integration
Motor (efferent) neuron - is the anatomy that functions (PNS)
SAME
SA = sensory or afferent
ME = motor or efferent
Nervous tissue
2 parts
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurons
Conducting cells
Electrically excitable
Conduct signals
Neuralgia
Also called gila
Support cells
Hyperplasia of glial cells or neuroglia is brain cancer
Hyperplasia of glial cells
Hyperplasia of glial cells or neuroglia is brain cancer
Major parts of neurons - peripheral ONLY
3
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
Cell process that receive information toward the cell body
The receiving end of the cell
(collects information)
Cell body
Soma
Main portion containing the cell nucleus
Axon
Conducts impulses/info away from the cell body
The transmitting end of the cell
(Gives information)
Central nervous system only sends and receives information to and from the neurons
Central nervous system only sends and receives information to and from the
Neurons
Extensior carpi radialis longus
A, I, O
Origin - distal 1/3 lateral supracondylar ridge (humerus) and lateral epicondyle via common extensor tendon
I - base 2nd metacarpal
A - extension and radial deviation of wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
A, I, O
O - Lateral epicondyle via common extensor tendon
I - base of 3rd metacarpal
A - extension and radial deviation of wrist
Palaris longus
A, I, O
O - medial epicondyle via the flexor tendon
I - palmar aponeurosis
A - flexion of wrist
- not present in everyone
- *only tendon not under flexor retinaculum
Anterior forearm
Anterior forearm - flexors
Proximal attachment/origin
Attach to medial epicondyle
Common flexor tendon
Know elbow joints 2
Figure 3.6. Bones of forearm and hand. 110
Posterior forearm
Olecranon fossa
Posterior forearm - exterior
Lateral epicondyle
Proximal attachment
Origin
Common extensor tendon
Page 111
Ulnaris
Adducts
Medial
Ulnar deviation
Radialis
Abducts
Lateral
Radial deviation
Digitorum
Fingers
Carpi
Wrist
Palmar aponeurosis
Flexor retinaculum. Retinere - to retain
Ulna bony landmarks to know
Olecranon process
Ulnar collateral ligament
