A&P 2.16 Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Membrane potential

Answer 1

Difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane caused by differing concentrations of ions

Question 2

Resting membrane potential

Answer 2

• 70 mV. Inside number. Outside are different numbers

Question 3

Local potential

Answer 3

Minor shifts from resting potential but no action potential

Question 4

Excitation

Answer 4

When sodium triggers gated channels to open and allow sodium into the cell causing depolarization

Question 5

Structures of the nervous system

Answer 5

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - nerves and sensory receptors

Question 6

Basic divisions of the nervous system

Answer 6

CNS

PNS - SNS & ANS

Question 7

SNS

Answer 7

Somatic - skin, skeletal muscles, fascia and joints

Question 8

ANS

Answer 8

Autonomic - viscera, blood vessels, smooth muscles

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest or digest

Question 9

Motor Effectors of the somatic divisions

Answer 9

Skin
Skeletal muscles
Fascia
Joints

Question 10

Motor Effectors of the autonomic divisions

Answer 10

Smooth muscle - organs- viscera
Cardiac muscles
Glands

Question 11

Major functions of the ANS

Answer 11

To regulate everything that is not skeletal muscle (smooth muscles, glands, cardiac ) via the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

TO INCREASE TONE IN ONE DIVISION YOU MUST DECREASE TONE IN THE OTHER

Question 12

Most structures in the ANS are

Answer 12

Dually innervated

Question 13

Autonomic effector tissues and organs

Answer 13

Viscera - organs

Eyes
Heart
Respiratory structures
Blood vessels
Liver
Digestive glands

Question 14

Motor pathways of the somatic divisions

Answer 14

Motor neuron runs from CNS and synapses directly with skeletal muscle fiber

ACh always neurotransmitter

Excitatory - contraction always

Voluntary

ONE NEURON

Question 15

Motor pathways of the autonomic division

Answer 15

Motor neuron from CNS to another motor neuron (ganglion) to synapse with autonomic effector (2 synapses)

ACh (acetylcholine ) or NE (norepinephrine ) neurotransmitter

Excitatory or inhibitory

Involuntary

TWO SYNAPSES

Question 16

Ganglia

Answer 16

A group of neural cell bodies found in the PNS

Question 17

Ganglia are necessary because

Answer 17

So many different target tissues are affected all at one time in the ANS due to parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 18

The ANS has how many synapses?

Answer 18

2 - two motor neurons

Preganglionic and post ganglionic

Question 19

1st synapse uses what neurotransmitter

Answer 19

ACh used in both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 20

Neurotransmitter used in 2nd synapse

Answer 20

Sympathetic uses NE because it is longer lasting and will maintain fight or flight longer

Parasympathetic uses ACh and is short lived

Question 21

Pre and post ganglionic nerves allow the body to

Answer 21

Affect multiple target tissues at multiple levels at the same time with the release of limited neurotransmitters

Question 22

Two different efferent divisions of the ANS

Answer 22

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 22

Structure of sympathetic division

Answer 22

Pre ganglionic neurons arise from spinal nerves T1-L3 (thoracolumbar division)

Ganglia are close to the spinal cord

Pre ganglionic neurons are short and synapse with MANY post-ganglionic fibers: DIVERGENT

Post-ganglionic neurons are LONG and go to MANY effectors

Question 23

Sympathetic chain

Answer 23

Sympathetic ganglia - chain of ganglia near spine

Question 24

Structure of the parasympathetic division

Answer 24

Pre-ganglionic neurons arise from the cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and spinal nerves from S2-S4 (craniosacral division)

Ganglia are FAR from the spinal cord (close to the effectors)

Pre-ganglionic neurons are LONG and synapse with FEW post-ganglionic fibers: CONVERGENT

Post-ganglionic neurons are SHORT and go to a SINGLE effector

Question 25

Sympathetic division response

Answer 25

Pupils dilate
Heart rate, force (contraction), and bp increase
Respiratory passages dilate
Blood vessels to GI tract and kidneys constrict
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue dilate
Liver cells BREAK DOWN glycogen into glucose and release glucose into the blood
Nonessential activities are inhibited (e.g. Salivary and other digestive secretions, GI tract mobility)

Question 26

Parasympathetic division response

Answer 26

Pupils constrict
Heart rate, force (contraction) and BP decreases
Respiratory passages constrict
Blood vessels supplying GI tract and kidneys dilate
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue constrict
Liver cells SYNTHESIZE glycine from glucose and absorb glucose from the blood
Salivary and other digestive secretions and GI tract mobility are stimulated

Question 27

Somatic versus Autonomic

effectors

Answer 27

S - skeletal muscles

A - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Question 28

Somatic versus Autonomic

type of control

Answer 28

S - mainly voluntary

A - mainly involentary

Question 29

Somatic versus Autonomic

neural pathway

Answer 29

S - one motor neuron: extends from CNS and synapses directly with a skeletal muscle fiber

A- two motor neurons: one from CNS to ganglion, one from ganglion to effector

Question 30

Somatic versus Autonomic

neurotransmitter

Answer 30

S - acetychlorine

A - acetychlorine or norepinephrine

Question 31

Somatic versus Autonomic

action of neurotransmitter on effector

Answer 31

S - always exicitory

A - excitory or inhibitory

Question 32

Tensor fascia latea

A, I, O

Answer 32

O - superior attachment - ASIS and adjacent lateral and posterior surface of the ilium

I - the IT band and the lateral condyle of the tibia

A - flex the hip, medially rotate the hip, abduct the hip and help stabilize the knee

Named for action: tenses the broad bandage