9.3 Additional Controls

Question 0

Use of a control group makes it possible to eliminate a variety of alternative explanations for the results, thus improving ____ ____.

Answer 0

internal validity

Question 1

A ____ experimental design has two groups: an experimental group that receives the treatment and a control group that does not.

Answer 1

basic

Question 2

____ ____ are any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study. They may then do whatever is necessary to confirm the hypothesis.

Answer 2

Demand characteristics

Question 3

One way to control for demand characteristics is to use ____ – to make participants think that the experiment to study one thing when it is actually studying something else.

Answer 3

deception

Question 4

The researcher may also attempt to disguise the dependent variable by using an unobtrusive measure or by placing the measure among a set of unrelated ____ ____ on a questionnaire.

Answer 4

filler items

Question 5

Demand characteristics often may be ____ when people are not aware that an experiment is taking place or that their behaviour is being observed.

Answer 5

eliminated

Question 6

In drug trials, sometimes we do not know whether the improvement was caused by properties of the drug or by the participants expectations about the effect of the drug, this is called a ____ ____.

Answer 6

placebo effect

Question 7

To control for this possibility, a placebo group can be added. Participants in the ____ ____ receive a pill or injection containing a harmless substance; they do not receive the drug given to members of the experimental group.

Answer 7

placebo group

Question 8

Placebo effects are ____ and must receive serious study in many areas of research.

Answer 8

real

Question 9

Experimenters are usually aware of the purpose of the study and thus may develop expectations about how participants should respond, this problem is called _____ ____ or expectancy effects.

Answer 9

experimenter bias

Question 10

____ ____ may occur whenever the experimenter knows which condition the participants are in.

Answer 10

Expectancy effects

Question 11

There are two potential sources of experimenter bias. First, the experimenter might unintentionally treat participants ____ in the various conditions of the study.

Answer 11

differently

Question 12

There are two potential sources of experimenter bias. Second, bias can occur when experimenters record the behaviours of the participants; subtle differences in the way the experimenter ____ and ____ the behaviours.

Answer 12

interprets and records

Question 13

Solutions to the expectancy problem. First, experimenters should be well trained and should practice behaving ____ with all participants

Answer 13

consistently

Question 14

Solutions to the expectancy problem. Another solution is to run all conditions ____ so that the experimenters behaviour is the same for all participants.

Answer 14

simultaneously

Question 15

Solutions to the expectancy problem. Expectancy effects are also minimised with the procedures are ____.

Answer 15

automated

Question 16

Solutions to the expectancy problem. A final solution is to use experimenters who are ____ of the hypothesis being investigated.

Answer 16

unaware

Question 17

In a ____-____ experiment, the participant is unaware whether a placebo or the actual drug has been administered.

Answer 17

single-blind

Question 18

In a ____-____ experiment, neither the participant nor the experimenter knows whether the placebo or actual treatment is being given.

Answer 18

double-blind