11.3 Quasi-Experimental Designs

Question 0

Quasi-experimental design allows us to examine the impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable, but ____ ____ is much more difficult because quasi-experiments lack important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.

Answer 0

causal inference

Question 1

____-____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

Answer 1

Quasi-experimental

Question 2

A ___-____ ____-____ design – called a “one-shot case study” – lacks a crucial element of a true experiment: a control or comparison group.

Answer 2

one-group posttest-only

Question 3

The one-group posttest-only design with its missing comparison group has serious deficiencies in the context of designing an internally valid experiment that would allow us to draw ____ ____ about the effect of the independent variable on a dependent variable.

Answer 3

causal inferences

Question 4

One way to obtain a comparison is to measure participants before the manipulation (a pretest) and again afterward (a posttest), this is called ___-____ ____-____ design.

Answer 4

one-group pretest-posttest

Question 5

The one-group pretest-posttest design fails to take into account several ____ ____ for the outcomes.

Answer 5

alternative explanations

Question 6

____ refers to any event occurs between the first and second measurements but is not part of the manipulation.

Answer 6

History

Question 7

____ ____ can be caused by virtually any confounding event that occurs at the same time as the experimental manipulation.

Answer 7

History effects

Question 8

People change over time. Any changes that occur systematically overtime are called ____ ____.

Answer 8

maturation effects

Question 9

Testing becomes a problem if simply taking the pretest changes the participants behaviour, this is called ____ ____.

Answer 9

testing effects

Question 10

Sometimes, the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument change over time; this is called ____ ____.

Answer 10

instrument decay

Question 11

Sometimes called statistical regression, ____ ____ the ____ is likely to occur whenever participants are selected because they score extremely high or low on some variable.

Answer 11

regression towards the mean

Question 12

When people are tested again their scores tend to ____ in the direction of the mean. Extremely high scores are likely to become lower, and extremely low scores are likely to become higher.

Answer 12

change

Question 13

The ____ ____ ____ design employs a separate control group, but the participants in the two conditions – experimental group and the control group – are not equivalent.

Answer 13

nonequivalent control group

Question 14

The differences in the nonequivalent control group design become a ____ ____ that provides an alternative explanation for the results.

Answer 14

confounding variable

Question 15

____ ____ or ____ ____, usually occurs when participants who form the two groups in the experiment are chosen from existing natural groups.

Answer 15

Selection differences or selection bias

Question 16

The nonequivalent control group ____-____ design is not a true experimental design because assignment to groups is not random; the two groups may not be equivalent. However, it is one of the most useful quasi-experimental designs.

Answer 16

nonequivalent control group pretest–protest

Question 17

In this nonequivalent control group pretest–protest design, we have the advantage of knowing the ____ scores. Thus, we can see whether the groups were the same on the pretest and where they were different.

Answer 17

pretest

Question 18

In this nonequivalent control group pretest–protest design, if the independent variable has an effect, the ____ group should show a greater change than the ____ group.

Answer 18

experimental group, control group.