4.1 Validity

Question 0

____ validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.

Answer 0

Internal

Question 1

____ validity concerns whether our methods of studying variables are accurate.

Answer 1

Construct

Question 2

____ validity concerns whether we can generalise the findings of a study to other settings.

Answer 2

External

Question 3

A ____ is any event, situation, behaviour, or individual characteristic that varies.

Answer 3

variable

Question 4

Any variable must have ___ or more levels or values.

Answer 4

two

Question 5

For some variables, the values will have a true numeric, or ____, properties.

Answer 5

quantitative

Question 6

The values of other variables are not numeric, but instead simply identify different ____.

Answer 6

categories

Question 7

The ____ definition of a variable is the set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it.

Answer 7

operational

Question 8

A variable must have an operational definition to be studied ____.

Answer 8

empirically

Question 9

The task of developing an operational definition of a variable forces scientists to discuss ____ ____ in concrete terms.

Answer 9

abstract concepts

Question 10

Operational definitions also help researchers to ____ their ideas with others.

Answer 10

communicate

Question 11

____ validity refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables: Does the operational definition of a variable actually reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable?

Answer 11

Construct

Question 12

Many research studies investigate the ____ between two variables: Do the levels of the two variables vary systematically together?

Answer 12

relationship

Question 13

In a ____ ____ relationship, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable.

Answer 13

positive linear

Question 14

In a ____ ____ relationship, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable.

Answer 14

negative linear

Question 15

In a ____ relationship, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable.

Answer 15

curvilinear

Question 16

When there is __ relationship between the two variables, the graph is simply a flat line.

Answer 16

no relationship

Question 17

A numerical index of the strength of a relationship between variables is called a ____ ____.

Answer 17

correlation coefficient

Question 18

Correlation coefficients are very important because we need to know how strongly variables are ____ to one another.

Answer 18

related

Question 19

The term ____ implies that there is randomness in events; scientists refer to this as random variability in events that occurred.

Answer 19

uncertainty

Question 20

Research is aimed at reducing ____ ____ by identifying systematic relationships between variables.

Answer 20

random variability

Question 21

In an experiment, the manipulated variable is the ____ ____.

Answer 21

independent variable

Question 22

After manipulating the independent variable, the researchers measure a second variable, called the ____ ____.

Answer 22

dependent variable

Question 23

The variable that is considered to be the ____ is called the independent variable and the variable that is the ____ is called the dependent variable.

Answer 23

cause, effect

Question 24

When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the independent variable is always placed on the ____ axis and the dependent variable is always placed on the ____ axis.

Answer 24

horizontal, vertical

Question 25

____ validity is the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the results of study.

Answer 25

Internal

Question 26

A study has high internal validity when strong ____ can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable.

Answer 26

inferences

Question 27

Internal validity one. There must be ____ precedence.

Answer 27

temporal

Question 28

Internal validity two. There must be ____ between the two variables

Answer 28

covariation

Question 29

Covariation is demonstrated with the experimental method when participants in an ____ condition show the effect, whereas participants in a ____ condition do not show the effect.

Answer 29

experimental, control

Question 30

Internal validity three. There is a need to eliminate plausible ____ explanations for the observed relationship.

Answer 30

alternative

Question 31

____ validity concerns the extent to which results can be generalised to other populations and settings.

Answer 31

External