9.1 Flashcards
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Similarities: Both have cell membranes, DNA, and ribosomes.
Differences: Eukaryotes have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes, always being single-cellular.
The structures of bacteria vs. animal vs. plant cells.
Similarities: All go through transcription, have DNA (as a result), have ribosomes, use the cell membrane to control what gets in and out of the cell.
Differences: Bacteria can sometimes have flagellum. Bacteria have no organelles. Only plant cells have chloroplasts and vacuoles. Only animal cells have lysosomes. Only plant and animal cells have vesicles. Bacteria have no nucleus.
Organelles and structures most EUKARYOTES have.
Golgi Apparatus - Packages and sorts proteins made by the ER, moving them to the right places.
Rough ER: Makes proteins
Smooth ER: Makes lipids and also helps detoxify the cell
Mitochondria: Makes ATP (chemical energy) for the cell from fuel molecules
Nucleus: The container for genes, which are bundles of DNA.
Cytoskeleton: A long chain of proteins throughout the cell.
Ribosomes: A key protein in the transcription process
Vesicles: Transports proteins from one place to another.
The benefits of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell plans.
Prokaryotic: Much more energy efficient since it is much smaller than a eukaryotic cell and also because its components are much simpler than a eukaryote’s
Eukaryotic: Can do much more complex processes due to the added benefit of membrane-bound organelles.
How do different cells get rid of waste?
Animal: Large waste goes to lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes, and small waste exists from cell membrane
Plant: Like animal, except have vacuoles instead of lysosomes.
Bacteria: Use digestive enzymes within the cell to break down Large waste. Smaller waste exists through cell membrane
How do different cells server as a container
All types contain cell membranes.
Plant: has a cell wall for support
Bacteria: Can have 2 cell walls
How do different cells contain a set of instructions
All have genes which contain DNA and the instructions for many functions.
Animal & Plant: Have genes in nucleus
Bacteria: No nucleus
How do different cells read instructions
All cells copy genes for transcription and translation.
Animal & Plant: Send cells either to cytoskeleton or ER, if they are sent to the latter then afterwards they are sent to the Golgi then released.
Bacteria: Proteins either go to cytoskeleton or go to a different place in the cell
How do different cells get and use energy
Animal: Has mitochondria to make energy.
Plant: Uses chloroplasts to absorb sunlight to make sugars to make ATP
Bacteria: Uses proteins that take in fuel molecules that make ATP. Some use light.
Distribution of proteins
Proteins, after going through transcription and translation, come out of ribosomes. If not made from the rough ER, they go to the cytoskeleton, otherwise they then go to the Golgi Apparatus, moved by vesicles, where they are then packaged and sent to their correct place.
Why do some cells have more of one type of organelle than other cells.
This is mainly due to specialization.
For example, muscle cells will have more rough ER since they need more protein while liver cells will have more smooth ER since they need more lipids and detoxification.
