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PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 9- Prejudice Reduction (advantaged groups' perspectives) > Flashcards

9- Prejudice Reduction (advantaged groups' perspectives) Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of study was Pettigrew & Troop’s study?

A

A meta-analysis

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2
Q

What did Pettigrew & Troop’s study indicate?

A

That intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice

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3
Q

When does intergroup contact work even better for prejudice reduction?

A

When Allport’s optimal contact conditions are met

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4
Q

How is intergroup anxiety created?

A

Expectations of rejection + fears of interaction

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5
Q

What is intergroup anxiety related to?

A

Expectation that outgroup members are (stereo)typical members of their group

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6
Q

What does intergroup anxiety decrease?

A

Likelihood of contact

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7
Q

How in intergroup anxiety decrease?

A

Contact

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8
Q

What does contact change?

A

How the outgroup is perceived

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9
Q

What does contact challenge?

A

The outgroup homogeneity effect

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10
Q

What does contact allow?

A

A person to better know the outgroup

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11
Q

What does contact influence?

A

Affective and cognitive forms of prejudice

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12
Q

What did Herek & Capitanio measure?

A

Attitudes towards homosexuals, as well as contact with homosexuals

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13
Q

Who measured direct contact?

A

Herek & Capitanio

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14
Q

Who reported more positive attitudes towards homosexuals?

A

Heterosexuals who reported interpersonal contact, compared to those without contact

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15
Q

2 relationship factors influencing perceptions after direct contact

A

Quantity and quality of relationships- how many relationships with outgroup + how well people know someone

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16
Q

What experience is direct contact?

A

Personal

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17
Q

How are emotions and beliefs experienced in direct contact experiences?

A

As an active participant

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18
Q

How may direct contact experiences link?

A

To other personal contacts

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19
Q

How can direct contact benefit other members of the group?

A

It can be communicated

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20
Q

Is direct contact always possible?

A

No

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21
Q

What does direct contact have to be to induce prejudice relations?

A

Positive

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22
Q

Who investigated computer-mediated contact?

A

Schumann et al, 2017

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23
Q

What did participants in Schumann et al’s study engage in?

A

Synchronous text-chat with outgroup students

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24
Q

What did Schumann et al find about computer-mediated contact?

A

It reduced negative outgroup sentiments

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25
Q

What does computer-mediated contact allow by providing multiple forms of communication?

A

Allows people to choose channels that lessen their intergroup anxiety during encounters

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26
Q

What advantage does computer-mediated contact have over direct contact?

A

It can overcome practical obstacles, especially for distantly related groups

27
Q

What does anonymity of outgroup members decrease in computer-mediated contact and what can this be associated with?

A

Decreases perceived social presence- associated with less positive outgroup evaluations and higher prejudice

28
Q

How is extended contact characterised?

A

Vicarious experiences of contact with outgroup members

29
Q

What is not necessary for extended contact?

A

Actual experience of contact

30
Q

What effect size did a meta-analysis by Zhou et al find?

A

Small/medium effect sizes

31
Q

What effect is extended contact independent of?

A

Of the direct contact effect

32
Q

Who can be affected by extended contact?

A

Many individuals

33
Q

Why is extended contact also known as social learning?

A

May result in a norm change

34
Q

What could extended contact allow for?

A

Future contact

35
Q

When does extended contact work well, regardless of?

A

Regardless of individual demographics, type of outgroup attitude and location

36
Q

How is the effect of extended contact compared to other types of contact?

A

Weaker

37
Q

When does extended contact work best?

A

When perceived rather than actual

38
Q

What type of intergroup does extended contact work better for?

A

Religious intergroups

39
Q

What is extended contact subject to?

A

Individual differences

40
Q

How is imagined contact defined by Crisp & Turner, 2009?

A

Mental stimulation of a social interaction with a member or members of an outgroup

41
Q

What is unnecessary for imagined contact?

A

Actual contact experience

42
Q

What is imagined in imagined contact?

A

Successful and comfortable positive interaction

43
Q

Who is imagined in imagined contact, and combined with what?

A

Interaction partner + interaction itself

44
Q

Who studied imagined contact?

A

Turner, Crisp, & Lambert (2007)

45
Q

3 findings from Turner, Crisp & Lambert

A

Imagined contact:
1. Reduced intergroup anxiety
2. Created more positive attitudes
3. Made people think of the group as heterogenous

46
Q

Why is imagined contact very practical and easy to implement?

A

There is no need for the actual encounter

47
Q

When is imagined contact possible even when other contact is not?

A

In conflict situations and where contact difficulties occur

48
Q

What does imagined contact require from the person involved?

A

They need to be engaged in the simulation

49
Q

Does imagined contact create a long-lasting effect?

A

No

50
Q

How does imagined contact compare to direct contact?

A

Less powerful

51
Q

What is the main limitation of the study by Turner, Crisp & Lambert?

A

It is not well replicated

52
Q

What is a problem with intergroup contact?

A

It has a positive effect on attitudes but may not always decrease discrimination

53
Q

Why might prejudice be difficult to break?

A

It is seen as a habit

54
Q

3 requirements that breaking prejudice is similar to breaking a habit

A
  1. Awareness of implicit bias
  2. Concerns about bias effects
  3. Strategies to decrease bias
55
Q

What was Devine et al’s study?

A

A longitudinal study on implicit race bias

56
Q

How were participants allocated in Devine et al’s study?

A

Randomly to control and intervention group

57
Q

Which group had lower IAT cores? (Devine et al, 2012)?

A

The intervention group

58
Q

How was control group discrimination concern across the study? (Devine et al, 2012)

A

Stable

59
Q

What did Devine et al’s intervention group increase in?

A

Concern about discrimination and personal bias awareness

60
Q

Which group perspective is prejudice reduction focused on?

A

Advantaged group

61
Q

3 things that the prejudice reduction model changes of the majority

A

Attitudes, beliefs, behaviour

62
Q

Why is intergroup contact important in the prejudice reduction model?

A

It is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudiced attitudes and negative emotions between the majority and minority

63
Q

Why is there some concern over intergroup contact?

A

Over how it’s related to reduction of prejudiced behaviours

PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 (31 decks)

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