9- Prejudice Reduction (advantaged groups' perspectives) Flashcards
What type of study was Pettigrew & Troop’s study?
A meta-analysis
What did Pettigrew & Troop’s study indicate?
That intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice
When does intergroup contact work even better for prejudice reduction?
When Allport’s optimal contact conditions are met
How is intergroup anxiety created?
Expectations of rejection + fears of interaction
What is intergroup anxiety related to?
Expectation that outgroup members are (stereo)typical members of their group
What does intergroup anxiety decrease?
Likelihood of contact
How in intergroup anxiety decrease?
Contact
What does contact change?
How the outgroup is perceived
What does contact challenge?
The outgroup homogeneity effect
What does contact allow?
A person to better know the outgroup
What does contact influence?
Affective and cognitive forms of prejudice
What did Herek & Capitanio measure?
Attitudes towards homosexuals, as well as contact with homosexuals
Who measured direct contact?
Herek & Capitanio
Who reported more positive attitudes towards homosexuals?
Heterosexuals who reported interpersonal contact, compared to those without contact
2 relationship factors influencing perceptions after direct contact
Quantity and quality of relationships- how many relationships with outgroup + how well people know someone
What experience is direct contact?
Personal
How are emotions and beliefs experienced in direct contact experiences?
As an active participant
How may direct contact experiences link?
To other personal contacts
How can direct contact benefit other members of the group?
It can be communicated
Is direct contact always possible?
No
What does direct contact have to be to induce prejudice relations?
Positive
Who investigated computer-mediated contact?
Schumann et al, 2017
What did participants in Schumann et al’s study engage in?
Synchronous text-chat with outgroup students
What did Schumann et al find about computer-mediated contact?
It reduced negative outgroup sentiments
What does computer-mediated contact allow by providing multiple forms of communication?
Allows people to choose channels that lessen their intergroup anxiety during encounters
What advantage does computer-mediated contact have over direct contact?
It can overcome practical obstacles, especially for distantly related groups
What does anonymity of outgroup members decrease in computer-mediated contact and what can this be associated with?
Decreases perceived social presence- associated with less positive outgroup evaluations and higher prejudice
How is extended contact characterised?
Vicarious experiences of contact with outgroup members
What is not necessary for extended contact?
Actual experience of contact
What effect size did a meta-analysis by Zhou et al find?
Small/medium effect sizes
What effect is extended contact independent of?
Of the direct contact effect
Who can be affected by extended contact?
Many individuals
Why is extended contact also known as social learning?
May result in a norm change
What could extended contact allow for?
Future contact
When does extended contact work well, regardless of?
Regardless of individual demographics, type of outgroup attitude and location
How is the effect of extended contact compared to other types of contact?
Weaker
When does extended contact work best?
When perceived rather than actual
What type of intergroup does extended contact work better for?
Religious intergroups
What is extended contact subject to?
Individual differences
How is imagined contact defined by Crisp & Turner, 2009?
Mental stimulation of a social interaction with a member or members of an outgroup
What is unnecessary for imagined contact?
Actual contact experience
What is imagined in imagined contact?
Successful and comfortable positive interaction
Who is imagined in imagined contact, and combined with what?
Interaction partner + interaction itself
Who studied imagined contact?
Turner, Crisp, & Lambert (2007)
3 findings from Turner, Crisp & Lambert
Imagined contact:
1. Reduced intergroup anxiety
2. Created more positive attitudes
3. Made people think of the group as heterogenous
Why is imagined contact very practical and easy to implement?
There is no need for the actual encounter
When is imagined contact possible even when other contact is not?
In conflict situations and where contact difficulties occur
What does imagined contact require from the person involved?
They need to be engaged in the simulation
Does imagined contact create a long-lasting effect?
No
How does imagined contact compare to direct contact?
Less powerful
What is the main limitation of the study by Turner, Crisp & Lambert?
It is not well replicated
What is a problem with intergroup contact?
It has a positive effect on attitudes but may not always decrease discrimination
Why might prejudice be difficult to break?
It is seen as a habit
3 requirements that breaking prejudice is similar to breaking a habit
- Awareness of implicit bias
- Concerns about bias effects
- Strategies to decrease bias
What was Devine et al’s study?
A longitudinal study on implicit race bias
How were participants allocated in Devine et al’s study?
Randomly to control and intervention group
Which group had lower IAT cores? (Devine et al, 2012)?
The intervention group
How was control group discrimination concern across the study? (Devine et al, 2012)
Stable
What did Devine et al’s intervention group increase in?
Concern about discrimination and personal bias awareness
Which group perspective is prejudice reduction focused on?
Advantaged group
3 things that the prejudice reduction model changes of the majority
Attitudes, beliefs, behaviour
Why is intergroup contact important in the prejudice reduction model?
It is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudiced attitudes and negative emotions between the majority and minority
Why is there some concern over intergroup contact?
Over how it’s related to reduction of prejudiced behaviours
