5- Old to Modern Prejudice Flashcards
What did the Eurobarometer in 1997 show?
Over 50% of people report some form of prejudicial attitudes towards people of a different race
What did the NatCen in 2017 show?
Less than 30% of people reported racist attitudes
How did the British Social Attitudes survey suggests that people’s thoughts about the self and others are affected?
By events
How did views on gender change in particular?
Particularly regarding gender roles
When was the shift in attitudes regarding gender roles seen?
80s
Are there still issues regarding views in gender roles?
Yes
What are societal norms regarding prejudice?
Political correctness & anti-discrimination laws
How have prejudiced attitudes changed in modern society?
Become more blatant and more subtle
What concept did Sears use to show modern prejudice?
Ambivalence
What are the 3 beliefs of ambivalence?
- Denial of continuing discrimination
- Antagonist toward stigmatised group demands
- Resentment about special favours
What characterised old-fashioned prejudice?
Open discrimination
What belief was associated with old-fashioned prejudice?
Belief of inferiority of certain social groups
What were endorsed in old-fashioned prejudice?
Non-egalitarian views
What is the conflict associated in modern prejudice?
Conflict between egalitarian values and negative sentiments
What characterises modern prejudice?
More subtle displays of prejudice
What is racism?
Prejudice based on race/ethnicity
How did Watchel view old-fashioned racism?
There was a previous belief in a biologically superior race/ethnicity that justified institutional discrimination
What did Sears believe about racism?
It isn’t a continuing problem and minoritised ethnic/racial groups shouldn’t exert efforts to overcome their societal situation without special assistance
What did Pearson et al say modern racism is a conflict between?
Emotional antipathy toward ethnic outgroups
How did Pearson et al define new racism?
Existence of modern egalitarian values to behave in non-prejudical ways still exist
Who came up with the Modern Racism explanation?
McConahay, 1983
What did the Modern Racism explanation say that it is?
A form of racism where people reject openly racist behaviours, but hold private attitudes that are racist
What did the Modern Racism explanation suggest people hold?
Contradictory beliefs
What was the research question when Modern Racism was investigated?
Individuals who are ambivalently racist are more likely to express racism in ambivalent situations
What was hypothesised when investigating Modern Racism?
People high in modern racism will express the negative side of conflict
What was hypothesised about people high in modern racism showing positive behaviour when investigating Modern Racism?
Show positive behaviour when negative behaviour can be attributed to racial prejudice
What was hypothesised about people low in modern prejudice when investigating Modern Racism?
They will remain consistent across situations
What stimuli were used to investigate Modern Racism?
3 resumes- best student, most experienced, in-between
What was the stimulus of interest when investigating Modern Racism and how was this manipulated?
The in-between resume: a picture of either a black or white man was included
What was found when the candidate was white when investigating Modern Racism?
No effect
What was found when the candidate was black when investigating Modern Racism?
Higher modern racism- more ambivalence
People high in MR more willing to hire the black candidate in a positive context and less likely in a negative context
What did participants low in MR show when investigating Modern Racism?
Consistent preference for candidates across both conditions and context
Why does Maas et al say that modern racism measures need to be constantly updated?
They rely on political discourse
How are modern racism measures potentially confounded? (Henry et al, 2002; Sniderman & Tetlock, 1986)
By political conservatism
What is the aim of self-report scales in measuring modern racism?
To explicitly assess subtleties
What is the problem with using self-report scales to measure modern racism?
They may be influenced by socially desirable responses
How is racist behaviour investigated?
Through experimental scenarios resembling everyday life to observe real interactions
What 3 types of racist behaviour are typically investigated?
- Social behaviour
- Subtle non-verbal behaviour
- Verbal behaviour and speech
What 3 factors were investigated when Gaertner & Dovidio (1981) studied behaviour?
Prejudice high vs low
Race
Diffuse of responsibility
What did Gaertner & Dovidio (1981) find regarding helping behaviour?
It didn’t matter whether participants were high or low in prejudice, they gave less help when experimenter was black and there was diffusion of responsibility
What did Maas et al (1989) find when investigating linguistic intergroup bias?
Negative ingroup behaviour was usually described as concrete and outgroup behaviour described as abstract- opposite when positive behaviour
What is a concrete act?
A single episode
What is an abstract description?
A permanent characteristic
What factors were examined when Gorham (2006) investigated verbal behaviour?
Race mentioned vs not mentioned
Black vs white suspected
What did Gorham’s (2006) investigation of verbal behaviour find?
Abstract behaviour attribution significantly higher for outgroup, concrete behaviour attribution significantly higher for ingroup
No difference between high and low prejudice individuals
What do Wilson & Dunn (2004) argue is the problem with measuring modern prejudice?
Cognitive processes aren’t clearly linked to observed behaviour
What effects do nonverbal behaviour have?
Small: r= .09
Why is measuring modern prejudice context dependent?
Effects are moderated by intersectional, contextual, and relational factors
Why is measuring modern prejudice often unethical?
People are deceived and put under distress
What are implicit biases?
Automatic biases about a particular group that are often without conscious awareness
How are implicit biases usually influenced?
By the social environment
What did Payne (2001) investigate?
Influence of racial cues on identification processes
What did Payne (2001) find when measuring reaction time?
Faster identification of guns when participants were primed with a black vs a white face
What did Payne (2001) find when measuring accuracy?
More misidentification of tools as guns when primed with a black vs a white face
How did Green et al (2007) investigate racist behaviour?
A black or white patient needing thrombolysis treatment- how likely they were to be offered the treatment
What did Green et al (2007) find?
Implicit bias predicted differences in offering treatment, but not explicit bias
There was a higher implicit bias towards black patients
Is there a strong association of implicit bias with individual behaviour?
No (r= .28, r=.14)
Why might implicit bias measures not show stability over time?
They seem to possibly test implicit biases in a given moment but not consistently over time
What evidence shows that measuring implicit biases may not really measure unconscious attitudes?
Reduced associations between weapons and Black Americans in culturally diverse areas (Sadler & Devos, 2020)
Why is it a problem that research on race relations has focused on America?
The nature of intergroup relations is contextual and should be translated to other societies where ethnic prejudice exists
What events have influenced intergroup relations in Europe?
Colonisation, world war 1 & 2, European union
What are European racial categories an intersect of?
Migration status, origin/nationality, accent
What did Pettigrew & Merteens (1995) find when studying blatant vs subtle prejudice?
Cross distinction between blatant and subtle prejudice
What type of prejudice was most prevalent (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)?
Subtle prejudice
What factors did Pettigrew & Merteens (1995) find predicted high prejudice levels?
High ethnocentrism, racist movements approval, political conservativism, group relative deprivation
What did national pride create? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)
Higher subtle prejudice
How were prejudice levels predicted by participants who were younger and more educated? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)
Lower prejudice levels
How did having friends from different ethnic backgrounds predict prejudice levels? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)
Lower levels of prejudice
What was more likely with lower prejudice levels? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)
More likely to support immigrant rights, attitudes towards immigration policy, support for initiatives aimed at improving intergroup relationships
What suggests the importance of cultural contexts? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)
Blatant and subtle prejudice levels vary across countries
What does a subtle prejudice scale emphasise?
A belief in traditional values
What is a key methodological flaw when measuring subtle prejudice?
Possible construct validity issues
Which bias could influence measuring subtle prejudice?
Social desirability bias
