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PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 5- Old to Modern Prejudice > Flashcards

5- Old to Modern Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the Eurobarometer in 1997 show?

A

Over 50% of people report some form of prejudicial attitudes towards people of a different race

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2
Q

What did the NatCen in 2017 show?

A

Less than 30% of people reported racist attitudes

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3
Q

How did the British Social Attitudes survey suggests that people’s thoughts about the self and others are affected?

A

By events

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4
Q

How did views on gender change in particular?

A

Particularly regarding gender roles

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5
Q

When was the shift in attitudes regarding gender roles seen?

A

80s

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6
Q

Are there still issues regarding views in gender roles?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are societal norms regarding prejudice?

A

Political correctness & anti-discrimination laws

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8
Q

How have prejudiced attitudes changed in modern society?

A

Become more blatant and more subtle

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9
Q

What concept did Sears use to show modern prejudice?

A

Ambivalence

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10
Q

What are the 3 beliefs of ambivalence?

A
  1. Denial of continuing discrimination
  2. Antagonist toward stigmatised group demands
  3. Resentment about special favours
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11
Q

What characterised old-fashioned prejudice?

A

Open discrimination

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12
Q

What belief was associated with old-fashioned prejudice?

A

Belief of inferiority of certain social groups

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13
Q

What were endorsed in old-fashioned prejudice?

A

Non-egalitarian views

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14
Q

What is the conflict associated in modern prejudice?

A

Conflict between egalitarian values and negative sentiments

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15
Q

What characterises modern prejudice?

A

More subtle displays of prejudice

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16
Q

What is racism?

A

Prejudice based on race/ethnicity

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17
Q

How did Watchel view old-fashioned racism?

A

There was a previous belief in a biologically superior race/ethnicity that justified institutional discrimination

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18
Q

What did Sears believe about racism?

A

It isn’t a continuing problem and minoritised ethnic/racial groups shouldn’t exert efforts to overcome their societal situation without special assistance

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19
Q

What did Pearson et al say modern racism is a conflict between?

A

Emotional antipathy toward ethnic outgroups

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20
Q

How did Pearson et al define new racism?

A

Existence of modern egalitarian values to behave in non-prejudical ways still exist

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21
Q

Who came up with the Modern Racism explanation?

A

McConahay, 1983

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22
Q

What did the Modern Racism explanation say that it is?

A

A form of racism where people reject openly racist behaviours, but hold private attitudes that are racist

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23
Q

What did the Modern Racism explanation suggest people hold?

A

Contradictory beliefs

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24
Q

What was the research question when Modern Racism was investigated?

A

Individuals who are ambivalently racist are more likely to express racism in ambivalent situations

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25
Q

What was hypothesised when investigating Modern Racism?

A

People high in modern racism will express the negative side of conflict

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26
Q

What was hypothesised about people high in modern racism showing positive behaviour when investigating Modern Racism?

A

Show positive behaviour when negative behaviour can be attributed to racial prejudice

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27
Q

What was hypothesised about people low in modern prejudice when investigating Modern Racism?

A

They will remain consistent across situations

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28
Q

What stimuli were used to investigate Modern Racism?

A

3 resumes- best student, most experienced, in-between

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29
Q

What was the stimulus of interest when investigating Modern Racism and how was this manipulated?

A

The in-between resume: a picture of either a black or white man was included

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30
Q

What was found when the candidate was white when investigating Modern Racism?

A

No effect

31
Q

What was found when the candidate was black when investigating Modern Racism?

A

Higher modern racism- more ambivalence
People high in MR more willing to hire the black candidate in a positive context and less likely in a negative context

32
Q

What did participants low in MR show when investigating Modern Racism?

A

Consistent preference for candidates across both conditions and context

33
Q

Why does Maas et al say that modern racism measures need to be constantly updated?

A

They rely on political discourse

34
Q

How are modern racism measures potentially confounded? (Henry et al, 2002; Sniderman & Tetlock, 1986)

A

By political conservatism

35
Q

What is the aim of self-report scales in measuring modern racism?

A

To explicitly assess subtleties

36
Q

What is the problem with using self-report scales to measure modern racism?

A

They may be influenced by socially desirable responses

37
Q

How is racist behaviour investigated?

A

Through experimental scenarios resembling everyday life to observe real interactions

38
Q

What 3 types of racist behaviour are typically investigated?

A
  1. Social behaviour
  2. Subtle non-verbal behaviour
  3. Verbal behaviour and speech
39
Q

What 3 factors were investigated when Gaertner & Dovidio (1981) studied behaviour?

A

Prejudice high vs low
Race
Diffuse of responsibility

40
Q

What did Gaertner & Dovidio (1981) find regarding helping behaviour?

A

It didn’t matter whether participants were high or low in prejudice, they gave less help when experimenter was black and there was diffusion of responsibility

41
Q

What did Maas et al (1989) find when investigating linguistic intergroup bias?

A

Negative ingroup behaviour was usually described as concrete and outgroup behaviour described as abstract- opposite when positive behaviour

42
Q

What is a concrete act?

A

A single episode

43
Q

What is an abstract description?

A

A permanent characteristic

44
Q

What factors were examined when Gorham (2006) investigated verbal behaviour?

A

Race mentioned vs not mentioned
Black vs white suspected

45
Q

What did Gorham’s (2006) investigation of verbal behaviour find?

A

Abstract behaviour attribution significantly higher for outgroup, concrete behaviour attribution significantly higher for ingroup
No difference between high and low prejudice individuals

46
Q

What do Wilson & Dunn (2004) argue is the problem with measuring modern prejudice?

A

Cognitive processes aren’t clearly linked to observed behaviour

47
Q

What effects do nonverbal behaviour have?

A

Small: r= .09

48
Q

Why is measuring modern prejudice context dependent?

A

Effects are moderated by intersectional, contextual, and relational factors

49
Q

Why is measuring modern prejudice often unethical?

A

People are deceived and put under distress

50
Q

What are implicit biases?

A

Automatic biases about a particular group that are often without conscious awareness

51
Q

How are implicit biases usually influenced?

A

By the social environment

52
Q

What did Payne (2001) investigate?

A

Influence of racial cues on identification processes

53
Q

What did Payne (2001) find when measuring reaction time?

A

Faster identification of guns when participants were primed with a black vs a white face

54
Q

What did Payne (2001) find when measuring accuracy?

A

More misidentification of tools as guns when primed with a black vs a white face

55
Q

How did Green et al (2007) investigate racist behaviour?

A

A black or white patient needing thrombolysis treatment- how likely they were to be offered the treatment

56
Q

What did Green et al (2007) find?

A

Implicit bias predicted differences in offering treatment, but not explicit bias
There was a higher implicit bias towards black patients

57
Q

Is there a strong association of implicit bias with individual behaviour?

A

No (r= .28, r=.14)

58
Q
A
59
Q

Why might implicit bias measures not show stability over time?

A

They seem to possibly test implicit biases in a given moment but not consistently over time

60
Q

What evidence shows that measuring implicit biases may not really measure unconscious attitudes?

A

Reduced associations between weapons and Black Americans in culturally diverse areas (Sadler & Devos, 2020)

61
Q

Why is it a problem that research on race relations has focused on America?

A

The nature of intergroup relations is contextual and should be translated to other societies where ethnic prejudice exists

62
Q

What events have influenced intergroup relations in Europe?

A

Colonisation, world war 1 & 2, European union

63
Q

What are European racial categories an intersect of?

A

Migration status, origin/nationality, accent

64
Q

What did Pettigrew & Merteens (1995) find when studying blatant vs subtle prejudice?

A

Cross distinction between blatant and subtle prejudice

65
Q

What type of prejudice was most prevalent (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)?

A

Subtle prejudice

66
Q

What factors did Pettigrew & Merteens (1995) find predicted high prejudice levels?

A

High ethnocentrism, racist movements approval, political conservativism, group relative deprivation

67
Q

What did national pride create? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)

A

Higher subtle prejudice

68
Q

How were prejudice levels predicted by participants who were younger and more educated? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)

A

Lower prejudice levels

69
Q

How did having friends from different ethnic backgrounds predict prejudice levels? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)

A

Lower levels of prejudice

70
Q

What was more likely with lower prejudice levels? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)

A

More likely to support immigrant rights, attitudes towards immigration policy, support for initiatives aimed at improving intergroup relationships

71
Q

What suggests the importance of cultural contexts? (Pettigrew & Merteens, 1995)

A

Blatant and subtle prejudice levels vary across countries

72
Q

What does a subtle prejudice scale emphasise?

A

A belief in traditional values

73
Q

What is a key methodological flaw when measuring subtle prejudice?

A

Possible construct validity issues

74
Q

Which bias could influence measuring subtle prejudice?

A

Social desirability bias

PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 (31 decks)

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