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PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 3- Why are People Aggressive? > Flashcards

3- Why are People Aggressive? Flashcards

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1
Q

How are personal and situational factors similar?

A

Specific factors determining aggression

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2
Q

What do evolutionary accounts and social/biosocial accounts offer to explaining aggression?

A

Why we (as a group) display aggression

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3
Q

How do cognitive models explain how we process aggression?

A

Multi-route models to aggression

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4
Q

What 4 key personal factors can explain why someone is aggressive?

A

Hormones, personality, gender, alcohol

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5
Q

What hormone is linked to aggression?

A

Testosterone

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6
Q

Why can we not establish causation with testosterone and aggression?

A

Effects are confounded with other variables

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7
Q

What personality characteristics do violent offenders show?

A

Low self-esteem and frustration intolerance

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8
Q

What personality types are linked to aggression?

A

Narcissistic and Type A personality types

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9
Q

What is there some evidence of regarding gender and aggression?

A

Some evidence of women being less aggressive

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10
Q

What factor may hormones be confounded with regarding gender and aggression?

A

Socialisation

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11
Q

What type of aggression do men show more?

A

More overt (physical) aggression

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12
Q

What type of aggression do women show more?

A

Indirect aggression

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13
Q

What type of aggression is similar between men and women?

A

Verbal aggression

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14
Q

Why might alcohol influence aggression?

A

It causes disinhibition- less cortical control

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15
Q

How is the alcohol link well established with aggression?

A

People who drink become aggressive

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16
Q

What is the 2D: 4D ratio?

A

Men’s ring finger generally have smaller indexes

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17
Q

How has testosterone been linked to higher aggression?

A

Higher self-reported aggression in males but not females

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18
Q

What is the correlation between testosterone and aggression?

A

Very small- only 2%

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19
Q

What is the problem with measuring testosterone in regards to aggression?

A

Correlations cannot establish causality

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20
Q

What are the 2 main situational/societal factors that influence aggression?

A

Physical environment and cultural norms

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21
Q

What are the 2 factors of physical environment that affect aggression?

A

Heat and crowding

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22
Q

What is riot theory?

A

The relationship between heat and aggression is not linear (‘inverted U’)

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23
Q

What 2 ways may crowding influence aggression?

A

Personal space and population density

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24
Q

How do cultural norms affect aggression?

A

Cultural variation in aggressive behaviour

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25
Q

What do cultural norms determine?

A

What is and isn’t acceptable behaviour

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26
Q

How do subcultures influence aggression?

A

Some subcultures where aggression and violence are more accepted

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27
Q

What is collective aggression?

A

A crowd baiting aggression

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28
Q

6 factors influencing collective aggression

A

Nighttime
Large crowd
Warm temperature
Long duration
Crowd distance from victim
Cities

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29
Q

How might deindividuation influence collective aggression?

A

Crowds increase sense of anonymity, loss of identity, reduced punishment likelihood

30
Q

What is dehumanisation in relation to aggression?

A

Viewing the victim as ‘inhuman’

31
Q

What do cultural norms show aggression as linked to?

A

Historical and geographical factors

32
Q

What is football hooliganism?

A

A subculture that carries out ritualised aggression linked to social status, group norms and values

33
Q

How is aggression implicated in gangs?

A

Gangs sometimes see violence as a part of life

34
Q

How does Darwin suggest that emotional states are evolved, adaptive, and useful?

A

Multiple species show same states

35
Q

How is aggression a good communication function?

A

It indicates the next reaction of the animal

36
Q

What does Darwin say happens if communication is beneficial?

A

It enhances and evolves

37
Q

How does Darwin suggest that opposite signals are expressed?

A

By opposite movements

38
Q

What is a form of social competence in aggression?

A

Sensitivity to social states

39
Q

What 3 functions does aggression have in evolutionary accounts?

A
  1. An instinct
  2. A form of communication
  3. An adaptive mechanism
40
Q

What does the psychodynamic theory believe about aggression?

A

It is a release of built-up tension

41
Q

What does ethology believe about aggression?

A

Situation causes this innate, adaptive instinct

42
Q

What does evolutionary social psychology believe about aggression?

A

It is an innate survival mechanism

43
Q

What indicates that aggression is an evolutionary explanation?

A

Aggression is across humans and animals

44
Q

What purpose do evolutionary accounts see aggression as serving?

A

Promoting survival of our genes

45
Q

Where is aggression seen as a form of communication?

A

In humans as well as animals

46
Q

What is the survival benefit of aggression?

A

Harm can be avoided if the opponent recognises the aggression

47
Q

What kind of problems does aggression solve?

A

Adaptive ones

48
Q

Why may humans live in groups?

A

In order to defend themselves against other groups

49
Q

5 limitations of evolutional accounts

A
  1. Potentially insufficient explanation
  2. Difficulty applying animal studies to humans
  3. Circular argument
  4. Lack of genetic evidence
  5. Biosocial accounts are more popular
50
Q

How do biosocial accounts suggest that aggression is cause?

A

Arousal + context

51
Q

What 3 theories are involved in biosocial accounts?

A

Frustration-aggression hypothesis, catharsis hypothesis, excitation transfer model

52
Q

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis suggest causes aggression?

A

A frustrating event/situation

53
Q

What is a limitation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

It is too simplistic

54
Q

What does the catharsis hypothesis suggest?

A

Aggression is a way to ‘let off steam’ and release frustration

55
Q

What are the limitations of the catharsis hypothesis?

A

Poorly supported, this may actually increase aggression

56
Q

What does the excitation transfer model suggest?

A

We are more likely to be aggressive by misinterpreting physiological arousal when we are already in a heightened arousal state

57
Q

How do social accounts explain aggressive behaviour?

A

As learnt

58
Q

When are we more likely to repeat aggressive behaviour?

A

When it is rewarded

59
Q

When may we think aggression is an acceptable behaviour?

A

If we observe someone else getting away with it

60
Q

What does the catharsis hypothesis suggest about media exposure to violence?

A

It will decrease aggression

61
Q

What does social learning suggest about media exposure to violence?

A

It will increase aggression

62
Q

What is the effect of observing violence?

A

Increases physical and verbal aggression

63
Q

What is the effect of prolonged media exposure?

A

Desensitisation effects

64
Q

What are selective effects?

A

People who are more aggressive anyway choose to expose themselves to more violent media

65
Q

What is the main cognitive model?

A

The General Aggression Model

66
Q

What are distal factors in the general aggression model?

A

Biological and environmental factors

67
Q

How many stages are the proximal factors in the general aggression model?

A

3

68
Q

What does stage 1 of the GAM do?

A

Inputs personal and situational factors

69
Q

What does stage 2 of GAM do?

A

Routes stage 1 inputs present internal state- may enhance or lessen aggression

70
Q

What does stage 3 of GAM do?

A

Outcome appraisal of the situation and response decision

71
Q

What does our next action after our initial reaction depend on?

A

The amount of resources we have to appraise the event

72
Q

How does aggression result?

A

A repeating loop of reappraisal

PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 (15 decks)

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